移动精灵

移动精灵
射击导弹

原文： https://zetcode.com/tutorials/javagamestutorial/movingsprites/

在 Java 2D 游戏教程的这一部分中，我们将使用精灵。

术语精灵具有多种含义。它用于表示场景中的图像或动画。

它也用于表示游戏中的任何可移动对象。含义之一也是在游戏中封装角色的代码。在我们的教程中，通过使用精灵，我们引用了一个可移动对象或其 Java 类。

在第一个示例中，我们有一个太空飞船。我们可以使用光标键在板上移动宇宙飞船。

SpaceShip.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
public class SpaceShip {
    private int dx;
    private int dy;
    private int x = 40;
    private int y = 60;
    private int w;
    private int h;
    private Image image;
    public SpaceShip() {
        loadImage();
    }
    private void loadImage() {
        ImageIcon ii = new ImageIcon("src/resources/spaceship.png");
        image = ii.getImage(); 
        w = image.getWidth(null);
        h = image.getHeight(null);
    }
    public void move() {
        x += dx;
        y += dy;
    }
    public int getX() {
        return x;
    }
    public int getY() {
        return y;
    }
    public int getWidth() {
        return w;
    }
    public int getHeight() {
        return h;
    }    
    public Image getImage() {
        return image;
    }
    public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
        int key = e.getKeyCode();
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_LEFT) {
            dx = -2;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT) {
            dx = 2;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_UP) {
            dy = -2;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_DOWN) {
            dy = 2;
        }
    }
    public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
        int key = e.getKeyCode();
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_LEFT) {
            dx = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT) {
            dx = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_UP) {
            dy = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_DOWN) {
            dy = 0;
        }
    }
}

此类代表一艘太空飞船。在此类中，我们保留子画面的图像和子画面的坐标。 keyPressed()和keyReleased()方法控制精灵是否在移动。

public void move() {
    x += dx;
    y += dy;
}

move()方法更改子画面的坐标。这些 x 和 y 值在paintComponent()方法中用于绘制子画面的图像。

if (key == KeyEvent.VK_LEFT) {
    dx = 0;
}

释放左光标键时，将dx变量设置为零。航天器将停止移动。

Board.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.KeyAdapter;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.Timer;
public class Board extends JPanel implements ActionListener {
    private Timer timer;
    private SpaceShip spaceShip;
    private final int DELAY = 10;
    public Board() {
        initBoard();
    }
    private void initBoard() {
        addKeyListener(new TAdapter());
        setBackground(Color.black);
    setFocusable(true);
        spaceShip = new SpaceShip();
        timer = new Timer(DELAY, this);
        timer.start();
    }
    @Override
    public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
        super.paintComponent(g);
        doDrawing(g);
        Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().sync();
    }
    private void doDrawing(Graphics g) {
        Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
        g2d.drawImage(spaceShip.getImage(), spaceShip.getX(), 
            spaceShip.getY(), this);
    }
    @Override
    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
        step();
    }
    private void step() {
        spaceShip.move();
        repaint(spaceShip.getX()-1, spaceShip.getY()-1, 
                spaceShip.getWidth()+2, spaceShip.getHeight()+2);     
    }    
    private class TAdapter extends KeyAdapter {
        @Override
        public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
            spaceShip.keyReleased(e);
        }
        @Override
        public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
            spaceShip.keyPressed(e);
        }
    }
}

这是Board类。

private void doDrawing(Graphics g) {
    Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
    g2d.drawImage(ship.getImage(), ship.getX(), ship.getY(), this);
}

在doDrawing()方法中，我们使用drawImage()方法绘制宇宙飞船。我们从精灵类中获得图像和坐标。

@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
    step();
}

actionPerformed()方法每DELAY ms 调用一次。我们称为step()方法。

private void step() {
    ship.move();
    repaint(ship.getX()-1, ship.getY()-1, 
            ship.getWidth()+2, ship.getHeight()+2);     
}

我们移动精灵并重新粉刷已更改的电路板部分。我们使用一种小的优化技术，该技术仅重新绘制实际更改的窗口的小区域。

private class TAdapter extends KeyAdapter {
    @Override
    public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
        craft.keyReleased(e);
    }
    @Override
    public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
        craft.keyPressed(e);
    }
}

在Board类中，我们监听关键事件。 KeyAdapter类的重写方法将处理委托给Craft类的方法。

MovingSpriteEx.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.EventQueue;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class MovingSpriteEx extends JFrame {
    public MovingSpriteEx() {
        initUI();
    }
    private void initUI() {
        add(new Board());
        setTitle("Moving sprite");
        setSize(400, 300);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setResizable(false);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
            MovingSpriteEx ex = new MovingSpriteEx();
            ex.setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

这是主要的类。

移动精灵 - 图1

图：移动精灵

射击导弹

在下一个示例中，我们在示例中添加了另一个精灵类型-导弹。用 Space 键发射导弹。

Sprite.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.Image;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
public class Sprite {
    protected int x;
    protected int y;
    protected int width;
    protected int height;
    protected boolean visible;
    protected Image image;
    public Sprite(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        visible = true;
    }
    protected void loadImage(String imageName) {
        ImageIcon ii = new ImageIcon(imageName);
        image = ii.getImage();
    }
    protected void getImageDimensions() {
        width = image.getWidth(null);
        height = image.getHeight(null);
    }    
    public Image getImage() {
        return image;
    }
    public int getX() {
        return x;
    }
    public int getY() {
        return y;
    }
    public boolean isVisible() {
        return visible;
    }
    public void setVisible(Boolean visible) {
        this.visible = visible;
    }
}

Sprite类共享Missile和SpaceShip类的通用代码。

public Sprite(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
    visible = true;
}

构造器初始化 x 和 y 坐标以及visible变量。

Missile.java

package com.zetcode;
public class Missile extends Sprite {
    private final int BOARD_WIDTH = 390;
    private final int MISSILE_SPEED = 2;
    public Missile(int x, int y) {
        super(x, y);
        initMissile();
    }
    private void initMissile() {
        loadImage("src/resources/missile.png");  
        getImageDimensions();
    }
    public void move() {
        x += MISSILE_SPEED;
        if (x > BOARD_WIDTH) {
            visible = false;
        }
    }
}

在这里，我们有一个名为Missile的新精灵。

public void move() {
    x += MISSILE_SPEED;
    if (x > BOARD_WIDTH) {
        vis = false;
    }
}

导弹以恒定速度运动。当它碰到Board的右边界时，它变得不可见。然后将其从导弹列表中删除。

SpaceShip.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class SpaceShip extends Sprite {
    private int dx;
    private int dy;
    private List<Missile> missiles;
    public SpaceShip(int x, int y) {
        super(x, y);
        initSpaceShip();
    }
    private void initSpaceShip() {
        missiles = new ArrayList<>();
        loadImage("src/resources/spaceship.png"); 
        getImageDimensions();
    }
    public void move() {
        x += dx;
        y += dy;
    }
    public List<Missile> getMissiles() {
        return missiles;
    }
    public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
        int key = e.getKeyCode();
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_SPACE) {
            fire();
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_LEFT) {
            dx = -1;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT) {
            dx = 1;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_UP) {
            dy = -1;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_DOWN) {
            dy = 1;
        }
    }
    public void fire() {
        missiles.add(new Missile(x + width, y + height / 2));
    }
    public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
        int key = e.getKeyCode();
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_LEFT) {
            dx = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT) {
            dx = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_UP) {
            dy = 0;
        }
        if (key == KeyEvent.VK_DOWN) {
            dy = 0;
        }
    }
}

这是SpaceShip类。

if (key == KeyEvent.VK_SPACE) {
    fire();
}

如果按空格键，则会触发。

public void fire() {
    missiles.add(new Missile(x + width, y + height / 2));
}

fire()方法创建一个新的Missile对象并将其添加到导弹列表中。

public List<Missile> getMissiles() {
    return missiles;
}

getMissiles()方法返回导弹列表。从Board类调用它。

Board.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.KeyAdapter;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.util.List;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.Timer;
public class Board extends JPanel implements ActionListener {
    private final int ICRAFT_X = 40;
    private final int ICRAFT_Y = 60;
    private final int DELAY = 10;
    private Timer timer;
    private SpaceShip spaceShip;
    public Board() {
        initBoard();
    }
    private void initBoard() {
        addKeyListener(new TAdapter());
        setBackground(Color.BLACK);
        setFocusable(true);
        spaceShip = new SpaceShip(ICRAFT_X, ICRAFT_Y);
        timer = new Timer(DELAY, this);
        timer.start();
    }
    @Override
    public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
        super.paintComponent(g);
        doDrawing(g);
        Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().sync();
    }
    private void doDrawing(Graphics g) {
        Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
        g2d.drawImage(spaceShip.getImage(), spaceShip.getX(),
                spaceShip.getY(), this);
        List<Missile> missiles = spaceShip.getMissiles();
        for (Missile missile : missiles) {
            g2d.drawImage(missile.getImage(), missile.getX(),
                    missile.getY(), this);
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
        updateMissiles();
        updateSpaceShip();
        repaint();
    }
    private void updateMissiles() {
        List<Missile> missiles = spaceShip.getMissiles();
        for (int i = 0; i < missiles.size(); i++) {
            Missile missile = missiles.get(i);
            if (missile.isVisible()) {
                missile.move();
            } else {
                missiles.remove(i);
            }
        }
    }
    private void updateSpaceShip() {
        spaceShip.move();
    }
    private class TAdapter extends KeyAdapter {
        @Override
        public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
            spaceShip.keyReleased(e);
        }
        @Override
        public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
            spaceShip.keyPressed(e);
        }
    }
}

This is the Board class.

private void doDrawing(Graphics g) {
    Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
    g2d.drawImage(spaceShip.getImage(), spaceShip.getX(),
            spaceShip.getY(), this);
    List<Missile> missiles = spaceShip.getMissiles();
    for (Missile missile : missiles) {
        g2d.drawImage(missile.getImage(), missile.getX(),
                missile.getY(), this);
    }
}

在doDrawing()方法中，我们绘制飞行器和所有可用的导弹。

private void updateMissiles() {
    List<Missile> missiles = spaceShip.getMissiles();
    for (int i = 0; i < missiles.size(); i++) {
        Missile missile = missiles.get(i);
        if (missile.isVisible()) {
            missile.move();
        } else {
            missiles.remove(i);
        }
    }
}

在updateMissiles()方法中，我们解析missiles列表中的所有导弹。根据isVisible()方法返回的内容，我们要么移动导弹，要么将其从容器中取出。

ShootingMissilesEx.java

package com.zetcode;
import java.awt.EventQueue;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class ShootingMissilesEx extends JFrame {
    public ShootingMissilesEx() {
        initUI();
    }
    private void initUI() {
        add(new Board());
        setSize(400, 300);
        setResizable(false);
        setTitle("Shooting missiles");
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
            ShootingMissilesEx ex = new ShootingMissilesEx();
            ex.setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

最后，这是主要类。

移动精灵 - 图2

图：发射导弹

在本章中，我们介绍了精灵。