一、Spring事务管理的几种方式
1. 声明式
- 基于
TransactionProxyFactoryBean
的声明式事务管理 - 基于
<tx>
和<aop>
命名空间的事务管理 -
2. 编程式
基于事务管理器API 的编程式事务管理
- 基于
TransactionTemplate
的编程式事务管理
目前大部分项目使用的是声明式的后两种:
- 基于
<tx>
和<aop>
命名空间的声明式事务管理可以充分利用切点表达式的强大支持,使得管理事务更加灵活。 - 基于
@Transactional
的方式需要实施事务管理的方法或者类上使用@Transactional
指定事务规则即可实现事务管理,在Spring Boot中通常也建议使用这种注解方式来标记事务。二、Spring事务实现机制
详细看下Spring事务的源代码,进而了解其工作原理。从<tx>
标签的解析类开始:@Override
public void init() {
registerBeanDefinitionParser("advice", new TxAdviceBeanDefinitionParser());
registerBeanDefinitionParser("annotation-driven", new AnnotationDrivenBeanDefinitionParser());
registerBeanDefinitionParser("jta-transaction-manager", new JtaTransactionManagerBeanDefinitionParser());
}
}
由此可看到Spring事务的核心实现类class TxAdviceBeanDefinitionParser extends AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser {
@Override
protected Class<?> getBeanClass(Element element) {
return TransactionInterceptor.class;
}
}
TransactionInterceptor
及其父类TransactionAspectSupport
,其实现了事务的开启、数据库操作、事务提交、回滚等。平时在开发时如果想确定是否在事务中,也可以在该方法进行断点调试。**TransactionInterceptor**
:public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
Class<?> targetClass = (invocation.getThis() != null ? AopUtils.getTargetClass(invocation.getThis()) : null);
// Adapt to TransactionAspectSupport's invokeWithinTransaction...
return invokeWithinTransaction(invocation.getMethod(), targetClass, new InvocationCallback() {
@Override
public Object proceedWithInvocation() throws Throwable {
return invocation.proceed();
}
});
}
**TransactionAspectSupport**
至此了解事务的整个调用流程,但还有一个重要的机制没分析到,那就是Spring 事务针对不同的传播级别控制当前获取的数据库连接。接下来看下Spring获取连接的工具类DataSourceUtils,JdbcTemplate、Mybatis-Spring也都是通过该类获取Connection。protected Object invokeWithinTransaction(Method method, Class<?> targetClass, final InvocationCallback invocation)
throws Throwable {
// If the transaction attribute is null, the method is non-transactional.
final TransactionAttribute txAttr = getTransactionAttributeSource().getTransactionAttribute(method, targetClass);
final PlatformTransactionManager tm = determineTransactionManager(txAttr);
final String joinpointIdentification = methodIdentification(method, targetClass, txAttr);
if (txAttr == null || !(tm instanceof CallbackPreferringPlatformTransactionManager)) {
// Standard transaction demarcation with getTransaction and commit/rollback calls.
TransactionInfo txInfo = createTransactionIfNecessary(tm, txAttr, joinpointIdentification);
Object retVal = null;
try {
// This is an around advice: Invoke the next interceptor in the chain.
// This will normally result in a target object being invoked.
retVal = invocation.proceedWithInvocation();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
// target invocation exception
completeTransactionAfterThrowing(txInfo, ex);
throw ex;
}
finally {
cleanupTransactionInfo(txInfo);
}
commitTransactionAfterReturning(txInfo);
return retVal;
}
}
public abstract class DataSourceUtils {
…
public static Connection getConnection(DataSource dataSource) throws CannotGetJdbcConnectionException {
try {
return doGetConnection(dataSource);
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
throw new CannotGetJdbcConnectionException("Could not get JDBC Connection", ex);
}
}
public static Connection doGetConnection(DataSource dataSource) throws SQLException {
Assert.notNull(dataSource, "No DataSource specified");
ConnectionHolder conHolder = (ConnectionHolder) TransactionSynchronizationManager.getResource(dataSource);
if (conHolder != null && (conHolder.hasConnection() || conHolder.isSynchronizedWithTransaction())) {
conHolder.requested();
if (!conHolder.hasConnection()) {
logger.debug("Fetching resumed JDBC Connection from DataSource");
conHolder.setConnection(dataSource.getConnection());
}
return conHolder.getConnection();
}
…
}
TransactionSynchronizationManager
也是一个事务同步管理的核心类,它实现了事务同步管理的职能,包括记录当前连接持有connection holder。**TransactionSynchronizationManager**
在事务管理器类private static final ThreadLocal<Map<Object, Object>> resources =
new NamedThreadLocal<Map<Object, Object>>("Transactional resources");
…
public static Object getResource(Object key) {
Object actualKey = TransactionSynchronizationUtils.unwrapResourceIfNecessary(key);
Object value = doGetResource(actualKey);
if (value != null && logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Retrieved value [" + value + "] for key [" + actualKey + "] bound to thread [" +
Thread.currentThread().getName() + "]");
}
return value;
}
/**
* Actually check the value of the resource that is bound for the given key.
*/
private static Object doGetResource(Object actualKey) {
Map<Object, Object> map = resources.get();
if (map == null) {
return null;
}
Object value = map.get(actualKey);
// Transparently remove ResourceHolder that was marked as void...
if (value instanceof ResourceHolder && ((ResourceHolder) value).isVoid()) {
map.remove(actualKey);
// Remove entire ThreadLocal if empty...
if (map.isEmpty()) {
resources.remove();
}
value = null;
}
return value;
}
AbstractPlatformTransactionManager
中,getTransaction
获取事务时,会处理不同的事务传播行为,例如当前存在事务,但调用方法事务传播级别为REQUIRES_NEW
、PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED
时,对当前事务进行挂起、恢复等操作,以此保证了当前数据库操作获取正确的Connection
。
具体是在子事务提交的最后会将挂起的事务恢复,恢复时重新调用TransactionSynchronizationManager
. bindResource设置之前的connection holder,这样再获取的连接就是被恢复的数据库连接,TransactionSynchronizationManager
当前激活的连接只能是一个。**AbstractPlatformTransactionManager**
Spring的事务是通过AOP代理类中的一个Advice(TransactionInterceptor)进行生效的,而传播级别定义了事务与子事务获取连接、事务提交、回滚的具体方式。private TransactionStatus handleExistingTransaction(
TransactionDefinition definition, Object transaction, boolean debugEnabled)
throws TransactionException {
…
if (definition.getPropagationBehavior() == TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW) {
if (debugEnabled) {
logger.debug("Suspending current transaction, creating new transaction with name [" +
definition.getName() + "]");
}
SuspendedResourcesHolder suspendedResources = suspend(transaction);
try {
boolean newSynchronization = (getTransactionSynchronization() != SYNCHRONIZATION_NEVER);
DefaultTransactionStatus status = newTransactionStatus(
definition, transaction, true, newSynchronization, debugEnabled, suspendedResources);
doBegin(transaction, definition);
prepareSynchronization(status, definition);
return status;
}
catch (RuntimeException beginEx) {
resumeAfterBeginException(transaction, suspendedResources, beginEx);
throw beginEx;
}
catch (Error beginErr) {
resumeAfterBeginException(transaction, suspendedResources, beginErr);
throw beginErr;
}
}
/**
* Clean up after completion, clearing synchronization if necessary,
* and invoking doCleanupAfterCompletion.
* @param status object representing the transaction
* @see #doCleanupAfterCompletion
*/
private void cleanupAfterCompletion(DefaultTransactionStatus status) {
status.setCompleted();
if (status.isNewSynchronization()) {
TransactionSynchronizationManager.clear();
}
if (status.isNewTransaction()) {
doCleanupAfterCompletion(status.getTransaction());
}
if (status.getSuspendedResources() != null) {
if (status.isDebug()) {
logger.debug("Resuming suspended transaction after completion of inner transaction");
}
resume(status.getTransaction(), (SuspendedResourcesHolder) status.getSuspendedResources());
}
}
AOP(Aspect Oriented Programming),即面向切面编程。Spring AOP技术实现上其实就是代理类,具体可分为静态代理和动态代理两大类,其中静态代理是指使用 AOP 框架提供的命令进行编译,从而在编译阶段就可生成 AOP 代理类,因此也称为编译时增强;(AspectJ);而动态代理则在运行时借助于 默写类库在内存中“临时”生成 AOP 动态代理类,因此也被称为运行时增强。其中java是使用的动态代理模式 (JDK+CGLIB)。
JDK动态代理 JDK动态代理主要涉及到java.lang.reflect包中的两个类:Proxy和InvocationHandler。InvocationHandler是一个接口,通过实现该接口定义横切逻辑,并通过反射机制调用目标类的代码,动态将横切逻辑和业务逻辑编制在一起。Proxy利用InvocationHandler动态创建一个符合某一接口的实例,生成目标类的代理对象。
CGLIB动态代理 CGLIB全称为Code Generation Library,是一个强大的高性能,高质量的代码生成类库,可以在运行期扩展Java类与实现Java接口,CGLIB封装了asm,可以再运行期动态生成新的class。和JDK动态代理相比较:JDK创建代理有一个限制,就是只能为接口创建代理实例,而对于没有通过接口定义业务方法的类,则可以通过CGLIB创建动态代理。
CGLIB 创建代理的速度比较慢,但创建代理后运行的速度却非常快,而 JDK 动态代理正好相反。如果在运行的时候不断地用 CGLIB 去创建代理,系统的性能会大打折扣。因此如果有接口,Spring默认使用JDK 动态代理,源代码如下:
在了解Spring代理的两种特点后,也就知道在做事务切面配置时的一些注意事项,例如JDK代理时方法必须是public,CGLIB代理时必须是public、protected,且类不能是final的;在依赖注入时,如果属性类型定义为实现类,JDK代理时会报如下注入异常:public class DefaultAopProxyFactory implements AopProxyFactory, Serializable {
@Override
public AopProxy createAopProxy(AdvisedSupport config) throws AopConfigException {
if (config.isOptimize() || config.isProxyTargetClass() || hasNoUserSuppliedProxyInterfaces(config)) {
Class<?> targetClass = config.getTargetClass();
if (targetClass == null) {
throw new AopConfigException("TargetSource cannot determine target class: " +
"Either an interface or a target is required for proxy creation.");
}
if (targetClass.isInterface() || Proxy.isProxyClass(targetClass)) {
return new JdkDynamicAopProxy(config);
}
return new ObjenesisCGLIBAopProxy(config);
}
else {
return new JdkDynamicAopProxy(config);
}
}
}
但如果修改为CGLIB代理时则会成功注入,所以如果有接口,建议注入时该类属性都定义为接口。另外事务切点都配置在实现类和接口都可以生效,但建议加在实现类上。org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'com.wwb.test.TxTestAop': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through field 'service'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException: Bean named 'stockService' is expected to be of type 'com.wwb.service.StockProcessServiceImpl' but was actually of type 'com.sun.proxy.$Proxy14'
官网关于Spring AOP的详细介绍https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/core.html%23aop
三、Spring事务的那些坑
3.1 事务不生效
测试代码,事务AOP配置:
<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="myTxManager">
<tx:attributes>
<!-- 指定在连接点方法上应用的事务属性 -->
<tx:method name="openAccount" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
<tx:method name="openStock" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
<tx:method name="openStockInAnotherDb" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRES_NEW"/>
<tx:method name="openTx" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
<tx:method name="openWithoutTx" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="NEVER"/>
<tx:method name="openWithMultiTx" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
public class StockProcessServiceImpl implements IStockProcessService{
@Autowired
private IAccountDao accountDao;
@Autowired
private IStockDao stockDao;
@Override
public void openAccount(String aname, double money) {
accountDao.insertAccount(aname, money);
}
@Override
public void openStock(String sname, int amount) {
stockDao.insertStock(sname, amount);
}
@Override
public void openStockInAnotherDb(String sname, int amount) {
stockDao.insertStock(sname, amount);
}
}
public void insertAccount(String aname, double money) {
String sql = "insert into account(aname, balance) values(?,?)";
this.getJdbcTemplate().update(sql, aname, money);
DbUtils.printDBConnectionInfo("insertAccount",getDataSource());
}
public void insertStock(String sname, int amount) {
String sql = "insert into stock(sname, count) values (?,?)";
this.getJdbcTemplate().update(sql , sname, amount);
DbUtils.printDBConnectionInfo("insertStock",getDataSource());
}
public static void printDBConnectionInfo(String methodName,DataSource ds) {
Connection connection = DataSourceUtils.getConnection(ds);
System.out.println(methodName+" connection hashcode="+connection.hashCode());
}
//调用同类方法,外围配置事务
public void openTx(String aname, double money) {
openAccount(aname,money);
openStock(aname,11);
}
1.运行输出:
insertAccount connection hashcode=319558327 insertStock connection hashcode=319558327
//调用同类方法,外围未配置事务
public void openWithoutTx(String aname, double money) {
openAccount(aname,money);
openStock(aname,11);
}
2.运行输出:
insertAccount connection hashcode=1333810223 insertStock connection hashcode=1623009085
//通过AopContext.currentProxy()方法获取代理
@Override
public void openWithMultiTx(String aname, double money) {
openAccount(aname,money);
openStockInAnotherDb(aname, 11);//传播级别为REQUIRES_NEW
}
3.运行输出:
insertAccount connection hashcode=303240439 insertStock connection hashcode=303240439
可以看到2、3测试方法跟事务预期的一样,结论:调用方法未配置事务、本类方法直接调用,事务都不生效!
究其原因,还是因为Spring的事务本质上是个代理类,而本类方法直接调用时其对象本身并不是织入事务的代理,所以事务切面并未生效。
Spring也提供了判断是否为代理的方法:
public static void printProxyInfo(Object bean) {
System.out.println("isAopProxy"+AopUtils.isAopProxy(bean));
System.out.println("isCGLIBProxy="+AopUtils.isCGLIBProxy(bean));
System.out.println("isJdkProxy="+AopUtils.isJdkDynamicProxy(bean));
}
那如何修改为代理类调用呢?最直接的想法是注入自身,代码如下:
@Autowired
private IStockProcessService stockProcessService;
//注入自身类,循环依赖,亲测可以
public void openTx(String aname, double money) {
stockProcessService.openAccount(aname,money);
stockProcessService.openStockInAnotherDb (aname,11);
}
当然Spring提供了获取当前代理的方法:代码如下:
//通过AopContext.currentProxy()方法获取代理
@Override
public void openWithMultiTx(String aname, double money) {
((IStockProcessService)AopContext.currentProxy()).openAccount(aname,money);
((IStockProcessService)AopContext.currentProxy()).openStockInAnotherDb(aname, 11);
}
另外Spring是通过TransactionSynchronizationManager类中线程变量来获取事务中数据库连接,所以如果是多线程调用或者绕过Spring获取数据库连接,都会导致Spring事务配置失效。
最后Spring事务配置失效的场景:
- 事务切面未配置正确
- 本类方法调用
- 多线程调用
- 绕开Spring获取数据库连接
3.2 事务不回滚
测试代码:<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="myTxManager">
<tx:attributes>
<!-- 指定在连接点方法上应用的事务属性 -->
<tx:method name="buyStock" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
public void buyStock(String aname, double money, String sname, int amount) throws StockException {
boolean isBuy = true;
accountDao.updateAccount(aname, money, isBuy);
// 故意抛出异常
if (true) {
throw new StockException("购买股票异常");
}
stockDao.updateStock(sname, amount, isBuy);
}
输出结果:@Test
public void testBuyStock() {
try {
service.openAccount("dcbs", 10000);
service.buyStock("dcbs", 2000, "dap", 5);
} catch (StockException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
double accountBalance = service.queryAccountBalance("dcbs");
System.out.println("account balance is " + accountBalance);
}
insertAccount connection hashcode=656479172 updateAccount connection hashcode=517355658 account balance is 8000.0
应用抛出异常,但accountDao.updateAccount却进行了提交。究其原因,直接看Spring源代码:
TransactionAspectSupport
protected void completeTransactionAfterThrowing(TransactionInfo txInfo, Throwable ex) {
if (txInfo != null && txInfo.hasTransaction()) {
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Completing transaction for [" + txInfo.getJoinpointIdentification() +
"] after exception: " + ex);
}
if (txInfo.transactionAttribute.rollbackOn(ex)) {
try {
txInfo.getTransactionManager().rollback(txInfo.getTransactionStatus());
}
catch (TransactionSystemException ex2) {
logger.error("Application exception overridden by rollback exception", ex);
ex2.initApplicationException(ex);
throw ex2;
}
…
}
public class DefaultTransactionAttribute extends DefaultTransactionDefinition implements TransactionAttribute {
@Override
public boolean rollbackOn(Throwable ex) {
return (ex instanceof RuntimeException || ex instanceof Error);
}
…
}
由代码可见,Spring事务默认只对RuntimeException和Error进行回滚,如果应用需要对指定的异常类进行回滚,可配置rollback-for=属性,例如:
<!-- 注册事务通知 -->
<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="myTxManager">
<tx:attributes>
<!-- 指定在连接点方法上应用的事务属性 -->
<tx:method name="buyStock" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED" rollback-for="StockException"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
事务不回滚的原因:
- 事务配置切面未生效
- 应用方法中将异常捕获
- 抛出的异常不属于运行时异常(例如IOException),
- rollback-for属性配置不正确
3.3 事务超时不生效
测试代码:<!-- 注册事务通知 -->
<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="myTxManager">
<tx:attributes>
<tx:method name="openAccountForLongTime" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED" timeout="3"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
@Override
public void openAccountForLongTime(String aname, double money) {
accountDao.insertAccount(aname, money);
try {
Thread.sleep(5000L);//在数据库操作之后超时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
正常运行,事务超时未生效@Test
public void testTimeout() {
service.openAccountForLongTime("dcbs", 10000);
}
抛出事务超时异常,超时生效public void openAccountForLongTime(String aname, double money) {
try {
Thread.sleep(5000L); //在数据库操作之前超时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
accountDao.insertAccount(aname, money);
}
org.springframework.transaction.TransactionTimedOutException: Transaction timed out: deadline was Fri Nov 23 17:03:02 CST 2018 at org.springframework.transaction.support.ResourceHolderSupport.checkTransactionTimeout(ResourceHolderSupport.java:141) …
通过源码看看Spring事务超时的判断机制:
ResourceHolderSupport
/**
* Return the time to live for this object in milliseconds.
* @return number of millseconds until expiration
* @throws TransactionTimedOutException if the deadline has already been reached
*/
public long getTimeToLiveInMillis() throws TransactionTimedOutException{
if (this.deadline == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("No timeout specified for this resource holder");
}
long timeToLive = this.deadline.getTime() - System.currentTimeMillis();
checkTransactionTimeout(timeToLive <= 0);
return timeToLive;
}
/**
* Set the transaction rollback-only if the deadline has been reached,
* and throw a TransactionTimedOutException.
*/
private void checkTransactionTimeout(boolean deadlineReached) throws TransactionTimedOutException {
if (deadlineReached) {
setRollbackOnly();
throw new TransactionTimedOutException("Transaction timed out: deadline was " + this.deadline);
}
}
通过查看getTimeToLiveInMillis方法的Call Hierarchy,可以看到被DataSourceUtils的applyTimeout所调用, 继续看applyTimeout的Call Hierarchy,可以看到有两处调用,一个是JdbcTemplate,一个是TransactionAwareInvocationHandler类,后者是只有TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy类调用,该类为DataSource的事务代理类,一般并不会用到。难道超时只能在这调用JdbcTemplate中生效?写代码亲测:
<!-- 注册事务通知 -->
<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="myTxManager">
<tx:attributes>
<tx:method name="openAccountForLongTimeWithoutJdbcTemplate" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED" timeout="3"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
public void openAccountForLongTimeWithoutJdbcTemplate(String aname, double money) {
try {
Thread.sleep(5000L);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
accountDao.queryAccountBalanceWithoutJdbcTemplate(aname);
}
public double queryAccountBalanceWithoutJdbcTemplate(String aname) {
String sql = "select balance from account where aname = ?";
PreparedStatement prepareStatement;
try {
prepareStatement = this.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prepareStatement.setString(1, aname);
ResultSet executeQuery = prepareStatement.executeQuery();
while(executeQuery.next()) {
return executeQuery.getDouble(1);
}
} catch (CannotGetJdbcConnectionException | SQLException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
return 0;
}
运行正常,事务超时失效
由上可见:Spring事务超时判断在通过JdbcTemplate的数据库操作时,所以如果超时后未有JdbcTemplate方法调用,则无法准确判断超时。另外也可以得知,如果通过Mybatis等操作数据库,Spring的事务超时是无效的。鉴于此,Spring的事务超时谨慎使用。
四、 总结
JDBC规范中Connection 的setAutoCommit是原生控制手动事务的方法,但传播行为、异常回滚、连接管理等很多技术问题都需要开发者自己处理,而Spring事务通过AOP方式非常优雅的屏蔽了这些技术复杂度,使得事务管理变的异常简单。
但凡事有利弊,如果对实现机制理解不透彻,很容易掉坑里。最后总结下Spring事务的可能踩的坑: