LEC 18 - FEELING
Two critical components:
- subjective perception 主观的感觉
- social emotions: created or produced in the presence of another living being
- cooperative-communicative context
communication between individuals;
humans have a remarkable behavioral flexibility(不只有人具有,但是人远超别的)
大猩猩可以合作解决问题(但是只有在特定情况下)
- chimpanzees just like human possess 他们认为另一个是像自己一样的物种,可以思考,有自己的需求和动机
- deliberate about those agitations of others; 不像人类,猩猩只能apply the theory of mind 在竞争的情况下(competitive situations) -> chimpanzee social skills are hampered by their socail emotions
- theory of mind
- emotional reactivity
40000 and 20000 year
14000 or 15000 years ago burial 狗的尸体,意味着驯化了 domesticated dogs
1940s and 50s silver foxes 驯化, fear and aggression退化
language可能推动了emotional reactivity
绿色的箭头代表 homonyms
females are dominant; slight sexual dimorphism
bonobos sex serves a non-reproductive functions
bonobos 的侵略性很低,是因为能控制情绪,和人类一样,更多的是继承ancestor
chimpanzees 在emotional上更分化
LEC 19 - WARRING
simple war: vengeance报仇
war model -> based on chimpanzee model
intergroup killing:
complete with each other: land, food, females
War对自己的group有利
they only attack when there’s an imbalance of power in their favor
aggressor group 会越来越壮大
- chimpanzees are territorial
- fission-fusion grouping system(数量一直在变化) ; chimpanzee不是唯一的
HOW DANGEROUS?
revenge or expansion of territories
扩大领土面积->产更多粮食
female -> reproduction
没有一个领袖去强迫你战斗,但是有一个ethos 民族精神
人类的war和其他物种的区别:
- the scope and consequences of intergroup conflict are much higher
人类的武器更具有杀伤性;
- human understand about the finality of death 杀生不会让人感到高兴,有道德心
大猩猩会感到悲伤,但是不会有道德上的。大猩猩不知道什么是死亡
- 人会寻找低风险的攻击
LEC 20 - EXPIRING
paleopathology 古病理学
2.6 million years ago - 人开始用石头切肉
3 - 3.3 cut mark 去标记
East African: Kenya
volcanic tuffs
KOOBI FORA
KNM-ER 1808 1.7 - 1.6 Ma
Belongs:** Homo ergaster
Disease: Hypervitaminosis A 高维生素血症A
缺少维生素A:最坏的是失明
过量维生素A: 呕吐,头痛。convulse抽搐
subperiosteal calcification 骨膜下钙化
可能的原因:bee 蜂蜜中有大量维生素A; 肉食动物的liver肝脏有大量的维生素A;
对抗性扫荡scavenging 食肉动物的尸体
OLDUVAI GORGE
OH 81, 1.5 Ma
Disease: porotic hyperostosis 多孔性骨质疏松
跟 anemia 贫血 密切相关。
megaloblastic anemia 巨幼细胞贫血
窒息,肌无力…
2 causes:**
- folate deficient缺乏叶酸 : 缺乏 B9
- food: spinach brussel sprouts, ungulated liver
- pernicious anemia :缺B12
- 人不能生产,found in milk, eggs, fish, red meat
所以这种病主要跟饮食有关,母亲的饮食会影响到哺育的孩子;
hominin metabolic physiology from ancestral condition: chimpanzees less derived than human
StW 431 (Sterkfontein, 3.0 Ma)
arcade hominins
disease: Brucellosis 布鲁氏菌病
cause: 接触milk or undercooked meat or bodily secretions of an ungulate who is infected with bruscilla bacteria
LEC 21 - TRANSCENDING
what unique about humans?
mortality salience
individual humans realize our own mortality 我们具有mortality
人对死亡有更深的认识
第一次埋葬 -> Neanderthals
Terror Management Theory
人知道自己最后会死,不可避免地
先驱:Ernest Becker; foundation for TMT
TMT与进化论不相容:进化论认为fear是useful adaptation; 进化不产生世界观,自我价值观的等,但这些是TMT生成的。
fear恐惧 是一种进化 fear是催化剂;
TMT认为 自尊心、世界观的形成 是去 对抗 必然死亡的恐惧