动词(vi/vt)- 2021-01-26 20:40
categories:
- 英语
- 动词


定义

动词分为三大类:助动词、实义动词、系动词。
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助动词

助动词起辅助作用,不能单独做谓语。**分为be动词、情态动词、狭义动词、完成动词。**

Be动词

  1. am is are was were be

情态助动词

  1. can could
  2. will would
  3. shall should
  4. need dare
  5. must have to
  6. may might
  7. had better

特性

1.不能单独做谓语
2.无人称变化 例如 I can. He can.
3.在使用过程中 + do . I can do it.
4.有本身意义

狭义助动词

  1. do does did

完成助动词

  1. have has had

在句子中起到的作用

Be + doing/done
情态动词+do
狭义助动词 + do
完成助动词 + done

1.帮助构成时态

  • The boy **is crying.**
  • He **has arrived.**
  • I **have been painting **all day.

    2.帮助构成疑问句

  • Does **he like English?**

  • He **doesn’t have lunch at home.**

    3.帮助构成被动语态

  • Trees **are planted in spring.**

  • The house **has been pulled down.**

    4.帮助构成虚拟语气

  • If he had come yesterday,I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.

    5.帮助构成倒装句

  • So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.

    6.帮助构成强调意义

  • **He did come yesterday.

    实义动词

    定义

    实义动词又称为行为动词,表具体的动作,分为内部动作和外部动作。内部动作可以理解为自身精神层面的动作,例如I love you. I meet you. 外部动作是身体发出的动作,例如I paly a bell. 实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词.

    及物动词(vt)

    定义

    及物动词后面接宾语,组成 Vt + o => 构成 S V O ,也就是主谓宾结构。及物动词后面可以接3种宾语:动宾、间接宾语(人)、直接宾语(物),其中间接宾语和直接宾语是搭配使用的。

    ①动宾

    动词后面加一个宾语就可以了,例如:
    I play football.
    I watch TV.

    ②间接宾语&直接宾语

    I told **her a story. her就是间接宾语 a staory 就是间接宾语**

    不及物动词 (vi)

    不及物动词后面不能直接接宾语,构成S V结构,也就是主谓语句。如果不及物动词后加宾语,需要加介词拼接宾语,组成 S +V+ 介 +O结构,这种形式也叫介宾。

    练习 区分及物动词(Vt)与不及物动词(Vi)

  1. The door **opened. Vi**
  2. He **opened the door. Vt**
  3. The meeting **began at six. Vi **at six 是介词短语做时间状语用来修饰began
  4. He **looked at the man. Vi **
  5. We **began the meeting at six. Vt**
  6. The man **walked away. Vi **
  7. He **walked the dog every day. Vt**
  8. She **washes clothes at home. Vt**
  9. The clothes **washes well. Vi **well是状语修饰washes
  10. He **listens to the music every day. Vi **不及物动词不能直接跟宾语 需要加介词
  11. Most birds can **fly. Vi**
  12. The children are **flying kites in the park. Vt**
  13. It **happened yesterday. Vi**
  14. My watch **stopped. Vi**
  15. The baby **stopped crying when he saw his mother. Vt**
  16. She **spoke at the meeting this morning. Vi **at the meeting介词短语做状语修饰spoke
  17. Shall l **begin at once? Vi**
  18. She **began working as a teacher after she left school. Vt **working是动名词做宾语
  19. When did they **leave Beijing? Vt**
  20. They **left last week. Vi**

系动词

系动词后必须跟表语,表语无具体动作,用于表示主语是什么或怎样。系动词可用于表状态、表感官、表变化、表像。

表状态

  1. Be stay keep remain lie stand exist

表感官

  1. feel 感觉
  2. smell 闻起来
  3. taste 尝起来
  4. look 看起来
  5. sound 听起来

表变化

  1. become
  2. go
  3. get
  4. turn
  5. fall

表像

  1. seem appear

容易混淆动词区分

1.系动词Be和助动词Be的区分

系动词的Be是表示主语是什么样或怎么样的,一般主系表结构的语句都是系动词.
助动词Be不具备具体动作含义,它是用来辅助动词的,所以Be后面会接动词的现在分词或过去分词,用来表示当前的时态或是表示被动的状态。助动词一般用于主谓宾结构中。
例:
1.He is a student. 他是一个学生。 is -> 系动词
2.He is plaving football. 他正在打球。 is ->助动词
这里实际表动作的词是plaving,is只起辅助作用,不表示实际动作。
3.His hobby is playing football. 他的爱好是打球。 is ->系动词
这里的planning 虽然是现在分词,但是整个句子的意思并不是说他的爱好正在打球,而是他的爱好是打球,这里的is是表示主语是什么样的。
4.He is asked to do this job. 他被要求去做这份工作。 is ->助动词
这里的is起的是辅助作用,表示被动,完成实际动作的是asked。

2.助动词与实义动词的区别

助动词 起辅助作用,不做实际动作,实义动词表示动作。

  1. He did it. did -> 实义动词 表实际动作
  2. He did lke it. did ->助动词 like ->实义动词
  3. He did do it. did -> 助动词 do ->实义动词
  4. I have a dream. have -> 实义动词
  5. I have finished my homework. have ->助动词 finished ->实义动词
  6. I have had supper. have ->助动词 had ->实际动词

    3.系动词与实义动词的区别

    实义动词表实际动作,而系动词是描述一个事务的状态或变化的。

  7. He goes to school by bike. goes ->实义动词

这里goes承担了去学校的行为,是实义动词

  1. The food goes bad. 食物变坏 goes ->系动词

食物变坏,是一种内部的变化,goes在这里表示的是一种变化。在系动词中goes表示变化。

  1. He turns around. turns -> 实义动词
  2. The leaf turns yelow. 树叶变黄 turns -> 系动词

树叶变黄,表示树叶的一种变化,turn在这里表示的是一种变化。在系动词中turn表示变化。

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