定语从句(形容词从句)- 2021-01-25 22:40
categories:
- 英语
- 从句: 定语从句
一、名称解析
定语从句
定语主要用于修饰名称，充当形容词的角色，因此又称形容词从句。定语可以是 形容词，介词短语。形容词放在名称前，介词短语放在名称后。而定语从句是相对于介词短语来说的，把作为介词短语的定语扩展成为be句型或者是do句型。定语从句充当的成分是形容词，用来修饰名词。定语从句分为限定从句与非限定从句。
先行词
从属连词
从属连词又被称为 连接词、关系词、引导词等，主要用来引导从句同时连接主句。
作用
- 引导从句
- 在从句中做成分
- 替代先行词
二、限定从句连词的选择与区分
1>从句连词通用选择步骤
1.确定是定语从句
2.划出先行词
3.将先行词带入从句中，判断先行词在从句中的成分
4.根据先行词在从句中所在的成分，推算出代词：
a.作主宾表(关系代词)：无what
that (人/物)who (人)whom (人，只做宾语成分)which (物)as (整个句子)
b.作状语(关系副词) ：无how
wherewhenwhy介词+which
c.作定语(关系形容词)
whose = of whom /which
2>选关系代词的三大技巧（非限定从句也可使用）
1.缺宾语的几种情况
vi+介词 不及物动词+介词后缺宾语
vt 及物动词后 缺宾语
vt+IO 双及物动词后跟间宾，缺直宾
2.被动既完整（间宾除外）
被动的就是完整的，也就是说陈述句在变被动句的过程中，宾语提前变为主语后，在被动语句中不缺宾语，be + done 形式 语句就已经表达清楚了，原来的主语已经变的不那么重要了。
例如：
We cleaned the room. -> The room was cleaned by us. -> The room was cleaned.
we -> by us 主语we转换被动语态后，变成了方式状语by us,而方式状语是可以省略的。
间宾除外是指，双及物动词后有直宾和间宾两个宾语，将直宾或间宾提前后还剩下另外一个宾语，就不符合被动既完整了。
例如：
She told me a joke. -> I was told a joke .
在转换为被动语态时，将间宾me提前变主语I，如果按照被动既完整来说，那么I was told 就已经该表达完了，但是从整个语句上来说，语句的句意是不完整的，需要完整的表达出 我被告知了什么 ,me提前后还剩下 a joke这个宾语不能被省略。
3.关系代词做宾语可省略
3>关系形容词中whose和of which/whom的区分方法（非限定从句也可使用）
①为什么whose 可以转换为of which/whom？
whose的词性是形容词，可代人的或物的。形容词一般是做定语，定语分为前置和后置，而whose就是前置定语的代替，of which/whom就是后置定语的代替。 which 代物,whom代人，例如：
The girl___hair is blak is a student.
将先行词 the girl 带入从句，发现从句成分是完整的，先行词在这里做的是形容词修饰hair，因此使用whose.
the girl’s hair -> whose hair
the book’s author -> whose author
如果将前置定语换成后置定语：
the hair of the girl -> The hair of whom
the author of the book -> the author of which
② 区分步骤
1. 确定是定语从句，主从句成分完整
2. 从句中有名词属于先行词，例如下面例句中从句中的hair 是属于 girl的
The girl whose hair is blak is a student.
3.从句名词前有the属于后置定语修饰用of结构，名词前无the属于前置定语，用whose
4.从句名词为不定代词或数词，只用of结构
三、非限定性从句
1.非限定性从句特点（与限定从句的区别）
1.主从句之间 “,” 逗号后不用that
2.限定性从句，主从更紧密；非限定性从句，主从句松散
3.限：去掉从句不完整，非限：去掉从句完整
这里的完整不完整可以理解为，限制性定语从句会起到限制范围的作用，将先行词的范围由大缩小，而非限定词从句是作为先行词的补充说明作用，所以非限定性从句去除不影响主句。
非限定从句的主句一定是小范围的，唯一的 不需要限制范围就可以确定的人或物。
2.引导词
a.作主宾表(关系代词)：无what 无that
who (人)whom (人，只做宾语成分)which (物)as
b.作状语(关系副词) ：无how 无why
wherewhen介词+which
c.作定语(关系形容词)
whose = of whom /which
3. 考点
1> 代唯一名称
非限定从句的主句一定是小范围的，唯一的 不需要限制范围就可以确定的人或物。
这时候的非限定从句的连词一般 需要判断 是否添加 逗号 或者taht.
2> 代整个句子
非限定从句 连词一般使用which 或 as 代替 代替整个句子时。
which 与 as 代整个句子的区别
which和as在代整个句子时有三个主要的区别，分别体现在词意，在句中的位置，以及在时间上表达时的区别。
① 词意
② 位置
③ 时间（本质）
which : 在时间上分先后，主句先发生，后评价
as : 不分先后，不强调先后 ，不主句当成事实
4.连词判断
非限定从句的连词判断与 限定从句的连词判断 步骤是一样的，唯一区别就是连词的商用上：
①非限定从句不用that和why
② which/as 可以代替整句话
四、定语从句的主谓一致
定语从句的主谓一致，实则是从句的谓语要与先行词 保持主谓一致。
填空
- I have an apple that ____red.
先行词 a apple 带入 从句作主语成分，a apple 是第三人称单数，所以这里是is.
- I have apples that ____red.
先行词 apples 带入从句，在从句中作主语，apples 是第三人称复数，所以这里用 are.
- He is the only one of the students that ____been abroad.
这里的先行词是the only one 而非 the students ，是因为only one 前有 the ，被the 修饰 表示转有名词，这里表示那些出国学生中的唯一一个，所以这里的先行词就是the only one 。
将先行词带入从句，作主语成分，第三人称单数，所以用has.
- This is one of the best books that__ ever been written in English.
先行词是 the best books 而非 one of ，是因为the 修饰了best books，被the 修饰的表示专有名称，这里表示 那些最好的书之一。
将先行词带入从句作主语成分，the best books是第三人称复数，所以这里是have。
五、知识点
1. 关系副词和介词+ which 之间的替换
① 为什么关系副词可以转换为介词+which？
因为关系副词是用来修饰谓语的，而关系副词又相当于先行词，将先行词带入从句时，因为句子成分已经完整了，直接将先行词带入不合适，需要加个介词链接,同时which来替代先行词。例如：
There is the house____Shakespeare was born.
这里house在从句中做了地点副词，可以使用where，如果说不使用where直接将the house 带入从句中该怎么处理？ 从句句子成分完整，直接带入先行词不合适，born可以看做是不及物动词，vi后如果需要跟名称需要介词连接，因此这里where 可以使用 in which 代替。
② 注意点
1.并不是所有的where 都使用 in which ，也可能是at which 区别在于，要修饰的地点的大小
2.具体使用哪个介词+which，还是需要看介词的使用，这块需要补充下介词的知识点。
3.介词后不能加that
4.关系副词的范围是 小于 介词+which的
2. 只能用that的情况
1、 当先行词被形容词的最高级形式修饰的时候：
He is the tallest man that I saw .
2、 当先行词本身是不定代词如all,everything , something, anything, nothing,somebody, anybody, nobody 的时候 ：
He tells me all that he knows .
3、 当先行词被only, no, little, very,或者序数词（the first, second …..）修饰的时候：
She is the first girl that I love
4、 当先行词本身是抽象名词的时候，比如way, idea 等：
Can you tell me the way that lead to the mountain ?
**
六、练习
初级
选择题
1.（2004湖北卷）There wastime I hated to go to school.
A.a；that B.a；when C.the；that D.the；when
选B .
the time 特指固定时间，这段时间
a time 有一段时间
time 在从句中作的是时间状语
2.（2004湖南卷）I work in a business__ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A.how B.which C.where D.that
选C . a business 在从句中作地点状语
3.（2004全国卷2）There were dirty marks on her trousers__ she had wiped her hands.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
选 A.
trousers 在从句中作地点状语修饰had wiped
4.（2006江西卷）——Do you have anything to say for yourselves？
——Yes，there’s one point ____we must insist on
A.why B.where C.how D./
选D.
从句后缺宾语，one point 在从句中作宾语成分。所有选项中都没有关系代词，所有选D。
5.（2007 山东卷）-Where did you get to know her？
-It was on the farm____we worked.
A.that B.there C.which D.where
选D. 因为work是不及物动词，从句不缺成分，farm在从句中作地点状语修饰work.
6.（1988全国）His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone__ family was poor.
A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose
**
选D. 从句句子成分完整，先行词anyone修饰family，关系形容词，表anyone’s family，前置定语用whose。
如果family前有the 表示后置定语，选of whom
7.（2006福建卷）Look out！Don’t get too close to the house____roof is under repair.
A.whose B.which C.of which D.what
选A. 从句句子成分完整，先行词the house修饰roof，关系形容词，表the house’roof，前置定语用whose。
8.（2004天津卷）Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，__，of course，made the others envy him.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
选D. 非限定性从句，根据句意推出使用which，某件事使其他人嫉妒羡慕他，而不是某个人。 of course 是插入语可以直接去掉
9.（2005浙江）Jim passed the driving test，____surprised everybody in the office.
A.which B.that C.this D.It
选A. 非限定性从句，which代替整句话
10.（2004江苏卷）____is often the case，we have worked out the production plan.
A.Which B.When C.What D.As
选D. 非限定性从句，只有As才可以放在任意位置，As代替整句话.
11.（1999上海）____is mentioned above，the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
选B. 非限定性从句，只有As才可以放在任意位置，As代替整句话.
12.（2007上海卷）His movie won several awards at the film festival，____was beyond his wildest dream.
A.which B.that C.as D.it
选A.非限定性从句，which代替整句话
13.（2007全国卷）Some pre-school children go to a day care center，____they learn simple games and songs.
A.then B.there C.while D.where
选D. 定语从句修饰 a day care center，做地点状语
14.（2007浙江卷）Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street，____used to be poorly run，is now a successful business.
A.that B.which C.who D.where
选B. 非限定性从句，这里作主语 代Chan’s restaurant
15.（08全国卷）The road conditions there turned out to be very good，____was more than we could expect.
A.it B.what C.which D.that
选C.非限定性从句，which代替整句话作主语
16.（2013北京）Many countries are now setting up national parks__ animals and plants can be protected.
A.when B.which C.whose D.where
选D. 从句完整，national parks 带入从句 作为地点副词, where 可被 in which代替
17.（2013湖南）Happiness and success often come to those __ are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A.whom B.who C.what D.which
选B. 从句缺主语成分，those代替的是那些人
18.（08北京卷）I’ll give you my friend’s home address，__ I can be reached most evenings.
A.which B.when C.whom D.where
选D 从句不缺成分，连词在从句中应该作副词或形容词，address在从句中表地点状语。
19.（08上海卷）We went through a period __ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which
选C. 从句成分完整，带入先行词a period到从句，发现先行词做的是时间状语，首先排除掉A B，主要考的就是in和with两个介词的使用。in which 可以被when代替
- (08重庆卷)They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.
A. where B. there C. which D. when
选A.非限定性从句，从句成分完整，先行词Washington 作地点状语。
这里很容易跟 which代整个句子表时间先后 搞混，which代句子时在从句中应该作主语成分。
填空题
(08江苏卷) The Science Museum, __ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
答案：which
非限定性定从，从句加在主句中间。先行词The Science Museum,从句成分是否完整，visit是及物动词，从句不完整，作宾语 which。
22. (08安徽卷) All the neighbor admire this family, _the parents are treating their child like a friend.答案： where
非限定性定从，先行词this family,从句成分完整,带入从句作地点状语，this family = in this family(08浙江卷)Yesterday she sold her car, __ she bought a month ago.
答案：which
非限定性定从，先行词her car,带入从句作宾语,定从句中关系代词that/which代物，但是在非限定从句中不可用that,所以这里用where。
24.(2013江西) He wrote a letter __ he explains what had happened in the accident.
答案： where/in which
限定性从句，先行词a letter，从句成分完整，带入从句作地点状语修饰explains
- (2013山东) Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world.
答案：that/which
限定性定从,先行词 island ，从句缺主语，先行词作主语成分
- (2013四川) Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment __ they live.
答案：where/in which
限定性定从，先行词the environment,live是不及物动词，从句不缺成分，先行词作地点副词。
- (2013天津) We have launched another man-made satellite, _is announced in today’s newspaper.
答案：which
非限定定从，通过句意得出 我们推出了人造卫星 这件事被宣布在了报纸上。非限定从句中，代替整句话的是which/as,通过句意得出这里是which
- (2013重庆) John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of __ are family members.
答案：whom
非限定定从，先行词 40 people,从句不缺成分,most of修饰40 people,这里是关系形容词 作后置定语
- (2013安徽) Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, __ made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.
答案：which
非限定定从，缺主语，通过句意得出使用which代替整个句子。莫言在2012年被授予诺贝尔文学奖，实现了中国人长期以来的梦想之一。
- （2014四川卷）Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, __ is quite unexpected.
答案：which
非限定定从，缺主语，通过句意得出使用which代替整个句子。到现在为止，我们为贫穷的孩子筹集了50000英镑，这件事相当令人意外。
- Ed came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, __ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
答案：which
非限定定从，缺主语，通过句意得出使用which代替整个句子。Ed上周只穿了一些短裤和T恤，在这样的天气里这是愚蠢的。
- （湖南）It is a truly delightful place, __ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
答案：which
非限定性定从，先行词 place，带入从句作主语
- （2015四川）The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
答案：whose
非限定性定从，先行词 the books,从句成分完整，the books做前置定语修饰covers
- It’s helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.
答案：where / in which
限定性定从，先行词a situation，从句成分完整,先行词在从句中作地点状语，也就是关系副词
- （2014江西卷） Among the many dangers__ sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog .
答案：that/which
限定性定从，先行词many dangers,从句缺宾语
- （2014山东卷）A company __ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
答案：whose
限定性定从，先行词a cmpany,从句成分完整，先行词作前置定语，关系形容词
- The prize will go to the writer __ story shows the most imagination.
答案：whose
限定性从句，先行词the writer，这里的show不是双及物动词，从句成分完整，先行词作前置定语修饰story
38.（2014陕西卷）Please send us all the information __ you have about the candidate for the position.
答案： that
限定性从句，先行词the information，have是及物动词，从句缺宾语，先行词前有all修饰，所以只能用that
- （2014福建卷） Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.
答案：where /in which
限定性从句，先行词community activities，从句成分完整，先行词在从句中作地点状语
- （2014湖南卷）I am looking forward to the day _my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
答案：when/on which
限定性从句，先行词the day，从句成分完整，先行词作时间状语
中级
选择题
- （2004浙江卷）Anyway, that evening, _ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
选D.
非限定性定从，先行词that evening,从句中tell是双宾语，you 直宾，more间宾，about后缺宾语，所以先行词作介宾。
2.（2001 全国）The film brought the hours back to me __I was taken good care of in that far-away village．
选C.
限定性定从，先行词the hours,从句成分完整（被动既完整）,先行词作时间状语
- （2006重庆卷）I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction _ she had come.
选D.
非限定性定从，先行词in the direction，从句成分完整，先行词作地点状语where = from which
4.（2004全国卷1）The English play __ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
选C.
限定性定从，先行词The English play,acted是不及物动词，从句成分完整，先行词作地点状语，where = in which
5.（2005江西）The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs __ they are being trained.
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
选D.
非限定定从，先行词the jobs，从句被动即完整 不缺成分，将先行词带入从句，发现C D两个选项都可以，根据句意得出D比较合适。
6.（2005湖南）Frank’s dream was to have his own shop __ to produce the workings of his own hands.
A. that B. in which C. by which D. how
选D.
从句 to produce the workings of his own hands = he can produce the workings of his own hands.
限定性定从，先行词shop，从句成分完整，根据句意得出，先行词作地点状语，而非方式状语。因从句he与主句的he是重复的，所以去掉从句的he，失去主语后的从句谓语也转换为了非谓语形式。
7. (2012湖南卷) Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what C. which D. in which
选D.
限定性从句，先行词 a gradual process ,从句被动即完整，先行词在从句中作副词
8.（2004辽宁卷）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _are sold abroad .
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
选A.
非限定性定从，先行词 80%，从句缺主语，根据句意得出80%是a million pairs of shoes的80%，先行词在从句中作关系形容词，前置定语用whose，后置定语用of which 代替a million pairs of shoes 的 80%
9.（2000 上海）Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, __was very reasonable．
A．which price B．the price of which
C．its price D．the price of whose
选B.
非限定性定从，先行词an ancient Chinese vase，从句缺主语，根据句意和选项得知 price 是 an ancient Chinese vase 的一部分，所以先行词在这里作关系形容词。前置定语选whose，后置定语 选of which
10. (2008 陕西）The man pulled out a gold watch, __were made of small diamonds．
A．the hands of whom B．whom the hands of
C．which the hands of D．the hands of which
选D.
非限定性定从，先行词a gold watch，从句缺主语，根据句意得出 hands是 a gold watch的一部分，先行词在从句中作关系形容词，如果是作前置定语选whose，后置定语用of which
11.（2004全国卷3）The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, __ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
选A.
非限定性定从，先行词nine months，从句成分完整，根据句意得出先行词作关系形容词。
12. (2012福建卷) The air quality in the city, __ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
选C.
非限定性从句，as代替整句话。
13．( 1994上海) She is one of the few girls who __in the kindergarten．
A．is well paid B．are well paid
C．is paying well D．are paying well
选B .
限定性定从，先行词 who = the few girls，复数所以选are，根据句意得出B。
14．（2002上海春）He is the only one of the students who __a winner of scholarship in three years．
A．is B．are C．have been D．has been
选D.
限定性定从，先行词 who = the only one, 是单数，根据句意得出是过去完成式，所以选D。
15．(2000 上海春) These houses are sold at such a low price __people expected．
A．like B．as C．that D．which
选B.
限定性定从，先行词 a low price ， 从句缺宾语，宾语理论上该选that/which， a low price 是又such修饰的，所以只能选as.
填空题
- (2007 江苏卷) He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University.
填空：after which
句意：他在本地上了高中，然后去了北京大学。
根据句意得出主从之间存在时间上的先后顺序，比较符合介词+which的形式
17. (2007 江西卷) After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she needed to decide what to do.
填空：where / at which
限定性定从，先行词a point ，从句句子成分完整，先行词在从句中作地点状语
18. (2007 陕西卷) Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
填空：where / in which
限定性定从，先行词cases，从句成分完整，作地点状语成分
19. (2007 四川卷) It is reported that two schools，__ both are being built in my hometown，will open next year.
填空：of which
非限定性定从，先行词 two schools,从句成分完整，both作主语，both = both of two schools, 所以先行词在从句中作后置定语
20. (2007 天津卷) Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.
填空：where / in which
限定性定从，先行词an activity，从句成分完整，先行词在从句中作地点状语成分
- (2007 辽宁卷) Eric received training in computer for one year, __ he found a job in a big company.
填空：after which
非限定性定从，根据句意得出主从之间存在时间上的先后，使用after which
22. (08上海春卷) Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_ there won’t be much work
填空：without which
非限定性定从，从句成分完整。根据句意得出 除了..就..
23. (08山东卷) Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
填空：when
限定性定从，先行词Occasions ，从句成分完整，先行词修饰have作时间状语
24. (08江西卷) Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
填空：where / in which
限定性定从，先行词readers ，从句成分完整，先行词修饰 have resulted 作地点状语
25. (08湖南卷) The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ most are beyond our control.
填空：of which
非限定性定从，先行词factors，从句成分完整，most = most of factors，先行词在从句中作后置定语
- (08四川卷) For many cities in the world, there is no roo
m to spread our further, _ New York is an example.
填空：of which
非限定性定从，先行词the cities，从句成分完整，先行词作后置定语， an example of the cities.
27. (2013福建) The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.
填空：whose
限定性定从，先行词those，从句成分完整，先行词作前置定语
28. (2013江苏) The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,__ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
填空：which
非限定性定从， 先行词passion，从句缺宾语，starting as early as his childhood并非宾语。
29. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice-cream.
填空：when
非限定性定从，先行词interval，从句成分完整，根据句意得出先行词作时间状语修饰can buy
30. （安徽）Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends.
填空： which (介词+whicih的用法, upon which)
限定性定从，从句缺宾语,先行词reading , upon = on ，
depend on 固定搭配
31.（重庆） He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of__ were published in the 1990s.
填空：which
非限定性定从，先行词books，从句成分完整，先行词在从句中作后置定语，half of which = half of books
高级
1.（2007 重庆卷） Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree __ they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
选B.
2. (08福建卷) By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, __ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
选D.
3.（2014天津卷）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, __ uses it differently.
·
A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them
改错
1.In the police station I saw the man from which room the thief had stolen the TV set.
which -> whose
2.Antarctic, which we know very little, is covered with thick ice all the year around.
which - > about which
3.The boss whose department Ms. King worked ten years ago looks down upon women.
whose -> in whose
4.I, who is your good friend, will try my best to help you.
is -> am
若有收获，就点个赞吧
0 人点赞
