• 将数据通过图形的方式呈现，也是经历过一段时间的发展的。除了该页中提到的2本书外，还有：

    • The concepts of exploring a data set visually were pioneered by John Tukey in the 1960s and 1970s. Tukey consolidated his many ideas on data exploration into a book in the late 1970s, John Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, 1977, Addison-Westley.
    • Bill Cleveland documented his seminal work in visualization of complex data sets in his book, William S. Cleveland, Visualizing Data, 1993, Hobart Press.

      数据的类型

  • Nominal (labels)

    • 如水果的名称
    • 操作：等于、不等于
  • Ordered
    • 如肉制品等级
    • 操作：等于、不等于、大于、小于、大于等于、小于等于
  • Interval (Location of zero arbitrary) 零点不固定
    • 如日期，地址编号。不能直接比较，只能比较差异。如8号不是4号的2倍，但以本月初为起点时，8号是8天，是4天的2倍。
    • 操作：等于、不等于、大于、小于、大于等于、小于等于、减
  • Ration (zero fixed) 零点固定
    • 如物理测量值：长度、质量、温度。计数和计量等。
    • 操作：等于、不等于、大于、小于、大于等于、小于等于、减、加

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