- asyncio
- 阅读: 127564
- asyncio是Python 3.4版本引入的标准库,直接内置了对异步IO的支持。
- asyncio的编程模型就是一个消息循环。我们从asyncio模块中直接获取一个EventLoop的引用,然后把需要执行的协程扔到EventLoop中执行,就实现了异步IO。
- 用asyncio实现Hello world代码如下:
- import asyncio
- @asyncio.coroutine
- def hello():
-    print("Hello world!")
-    # 异步调用asyncio.sleep(1):
-    r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
-    print("Hello again!")
- # 获取EventLoop:
- loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
- # 执行coroutine
- loop.run_until_complete(hello())
- loop.close()
- @asyncio.coroutine把一个generator标记为coroutine类型,然后,我们就把这个coroutine扔到EventLoop中执行。
- hello()会首先打印出Hello world!,然后,yield from语法可以让我们方便地调用另一个generator。由于asyncio.sleep()也是一个coroutine,所以线程不会等待asyncio.sleep(),而是直接中断并执行下一个消息循环。当asyncio.sleep()返回时,线程就可以从yield from拿到返回值(此处是None),然后接着执行下一行语句。
- 把asyncio.sleep(1)看成是一个耗时1秒的IO操作,在此期间,主线程并未等待,而是去执行EventLoop中其他可以执行的coroutine了,因此可以实现并发执行。
- 我们用Task封装两个coroutine试试:
- import threading
- import asyncio
- @asyncio.coroutine
- def hello():
-    print('Hello world! (%s)' % threading.currentThread())
-    yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
-    print('Hello again! (%s)' % threading.currentThread())
- loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
- tasks = [hello(), hello()]
- loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
- loop.close()
- 观察执行过程:
- Hello world! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
- Hello world! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
- (暂停约1秒)
- Hello again! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
- Hello again! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
- 由打印的当前线程名称可以看出,两个coroutine是由同一个线程并发执行的。
- 如果把asyncio.sleep()换成真正的IO操作,则多个coroutine就可以由一个线程并发执行。
- 我们用asyncio的异步网络连接来获取sina、sohu和163的网站首页:
- import asyncio
- @asyncio.coroutine
- def wget(host):
-    print('wget %s...' % host)
-    connect = asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)
-    reader, writer = yield from connect
-    header = 'GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n' % host
-    writer.write(header.encode('utf-8'))
-    yield from writer.drain()
-    while True:
-        line = yield from reader.readline()
-        if line == b'\r\n':
-            break
-        print('%s header > %s' % (host, line.decode('utf-8').rstrip()))
-    # Ignore the body, close the socket
-    writer.close()
- loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
- tasks = [wget(host) for host in ['www.sina.com.cn', 'www.sohu.com', 'www.163.com']]
- loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
- loop.close()
- 执行结果如下:
- wget www.sohu.com...
- wget www.sina.com.cn...
- wget www.163.com...
- (等待一段时间)
- (打印出sohu的header)
- www.sohu.com header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
- www.sohu.com header > Content-Type: text/html
- ...
- (打印出sina的header)
- www.sina.com.cn header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
- www.sina.com.cn header > Date: Wed, 20 May 2015 04:56:33 GMT
- ...
- (打印出163的header)
- www.163.com header > HTTP/1.0 302 Moved Temporarily
- www.163.com header > Server: Cdn Cache Server V2.0
- ...
- 可见3个连接由一个线程通过coroutine并发完成。
- 小结
- asyncio提供了完善的异步IO支持;
- 异步操作需要在coroutine中通过yield from完成;
- 多个coroutine可以封装成一组Task然后并发执行。
- 参考源码
- async_hello.py
- async_wget.py