编写单元测试可以帮助开发人员编写高质量的代码,提升代码质量,减少Bug,便于重构。Spring Boot提供了一些实用程序和注解,用来帮助我们测试应用程序,在Spring Boot中开启单元测试只需引入spring-boot-starter-test
即可,其包含了一些主流的测试库。本文主要介绍基于 Service和Controller的单元测试。
引入spring-boot-starter-test
:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
运行Maven命令dependency:tree
可看到其包含了以下依赖:
[INFO] +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
[INFO] | +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-test:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
[INFO] | +- org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-test-autoconfigure:jar:1.5.9.RELEASE:test
[INFO] | +- com.jayway.jsonpath:json-path:jar:2.2.0:test
[INFO] | | +- net.minidev:json-smart:jar:2.2.1:test
[INFO] | | | \- net.minidev:accessors-smart:jar:1.1:test
[INFO] | | | \- org.ow2.asm:asm:jar:5.0.3:test
[INFO] | | \- org.slf4j:slf4j-api:jar:1.7.25:compile
[INFO] | +- junit:junit:jar:4.12:test
[INFO] | +- org.assertj:assertj-core:jar:2.6.0:test
[INFO] | +- org.mockito:mockito-core:jar:1.10.19:test
[INFO] | | \- org.objenesis:objenesis:jar:2.1:test
[INFO] | +- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:jar:1.3:test
[INFO] | +- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:jar:1.3:test
[INFO] | +- org.skyscreamer:jsonassert:jar:1.4.0:test
[INFO] | | \- com.vaadin.external.google:android-json:jar:0.0.20131108.vaadin1:test
[INFO] | +- org.springframework:spring-core:jar:4.3.13.RELEASE:compile
[INFO] | \- org.springframework:spring-test:jar:4.3.13.RELEASE:test
- JUnit,标准的单元测试Java应用程序;
- Spring Test & Spring Boot Test,对Spring Boot应用程序的单元测试提供支持;
- Mockito, Java mocking框架,用于模拟任何Spring管理的Bean,比如在单元测试中模拟一个第三方系统Service接口返回的数据,而不会去真正调用第三方系统;
- AssertJ,一个流畅的assertion库,同时也提供了更多的期望值与测试返回值的比较方式;
- Hamcrest,库的匹配对象(也称为约束或谓词);
- JsonPath,提供类似XPath那样的符号来获取JSON数据片段;
- JSONassert,对JSON对象或者JSON字符串断言的库。
一个标准的Spring Boot测试单元应有如下的代码结构:
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class ApplicationTest {
}
知识准备
JUnit4注解
JUnit4中包含了几个比较重要的注解:@BeforeClass
、@AfterClass
、@Before
、@After
和@Test
。其中, @BeforeClass
和@AfterClass
在每个类加载的开始和结束时运行,必须为静态方法;而@Before
和@After
则在每个测试方法开始之前和结束之后运行。见如下例子:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class TestApplicationTests {
@BeforeClass
public static void beforeClassTest() {
System.out.println("before class test");
}
@Before
public void beforeTest() {
System.out.println("before test");
}
@Test
public void Test1() {
System.out.println("test 1+1=2");
Assert.assertEquals(2, 1 + 1);
}
@Test
public void Test2() {
System.out.println("test 2+2=4");
Assert.assertEquals(4, 2 + 2);
}
@After
public void afterTest() {
System.out.println("after test");
}
@AfterClass
public static void afterClassTest() {
System.out.println("after class test");
}
}
运行输出如下:
...
before class test
before test
test 1+1=2
after test
before test
test 2+2=4
after test
after class test
...
从上面的输出可以看出各个注解的运行时机。
Assert
上面代码中,我们使用了Assert类提供的assert口方法,下面列出了一些常用的assert方法:
assertEquals("message",A,B)
,判断A对象和B对象是否相等,这个判断在比较两个对象时调用了equals()
方法。assertSame("message",A,B)
,判断A对象与B对象是否相同,使用的是==
操作符。assertTrue("message",A)
,判断A条件是否为真。assertFalse("message",A)
,判断A条件是否不为真。assertNotNull("message",A)
,判断A对象是否不为null
。assertArrayEquals("message",A,B)
,判断A数组与B数组是否相等。
MockMvc
下文中,对Controller的测试需要用到MockMvc技术。MockMvc,从字面上来看指的是模拟的MVC,即其可以模拟一个MVC环境,向Controller发送请求然后得到响应。
在单元测试中,使用MockMvc前需要进行初始化,如下所示:
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext wac;
@Before
public void setupMockMvc(){
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
}
MockMvc模拟MVC请求
模拟一个get请求:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello?name={name}","mrbird"));
模拟一个post请求:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/{id}", 1));
模拟文件上传:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.fileUpload("/fileupload").file("file", "文件内容".getBytes("utf-8")));
模拟请求参数:
// 模拟发送一个message参数,值为hello
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello").param("message", "hello"));
// 模拟提交一个checkbox值,name为hobby,值为sleep和eat
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/saveHobby").param("hobby", "sleep", "eat"));
也可以直接使用MultiValueMap
构建参数:
MultiValueMap<String, String> params = new LinkedMultiValueMap<String, String>();
params.add("name", "mrbird");
params.add("hobby", "sleep");
params.add("hobby", "eat");
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hobby/save").params(params));
模拟发送JSON参数:
String jsonStr = "{\"username\":\"Dopa\",\"passwd\":\"ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15\",\"status\":\"1\"}";
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save").content(jsonStr.getBytes()));
实际测试中,要手动编写这么长的JSON格式字符串很繁琐也很容易出错,可以借助Spring Boot自带的Jackson技术来序列化一个Java对象(可参考Spring Boot中的JSON技术),如下所示:
User user = new User();
user.setUsername("Dopa");
user.setPasswd("ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15");
user.setStatus("1");
String userJson = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save").content(userJson.getBytes()));
其中,mapper为com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper
对象。
模拟Session和Cookie:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").sessionAttr(name, value));
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").cookie(new Cookie(name, value)));
设置请求的Content-Type:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8));
设置返回格式为JSON:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));
模拟HTTP请求头:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1).header(name, values));
MockMvc处理返回结果
期望成功调用,即HTTP Status为200:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk());
期望返回内容是application/json
:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON));
检查返回JSON数据中某个值的内容:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.username").value("mrbird"));
这里使用到了jsonPath
,$
代表了JSON的根节点。更多关于jsonPath
的介绍可参考 https://github.com/json-path/JsonPath。
判断Controller方法是否返回某视图:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("index.html"));
比较Model:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{id}", 1))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().size(1))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("password"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attribute("username", "mrbird"));
比较forward或者redirect:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.forwardedUrl("index.html"));
// 或者
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.redirectedUrl("index.html"));
比较返回内容,使用content()
:
// 返回内容为hello
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("hello"));
// 返回内容是XML,并且与xmlCotent一样
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().xml(xmlContent));
// 返回内容是JSON ,并且与jsonContent一样
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().json(jsonContent));
输出响应结果:
mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/index"))
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());
测试Service
现有如下Service:
@Repository("userService")
public class UserServiceImpl extends BaseService<User> implements UserService {
@Override
public User findByName(String userName) {
Example example = new Example(User.class);
example.createCriteria().andCondition("username=", userName);
List<User> userList = this.selectByExample(example);
if (userList.size() != 0)
return userList.get(0);
else
return null;
}
}
编写一个该Service的单元测试,测试findByName
方法是否有效:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class UserServiceTest {
@Autowired
UserService userService;
@Test
public void test() {
User user = this.userService.findByName("scott");
Assert.assertEquals("用户名为scott", "scott", user.getUsername());
}
}
运行后,JUnit没有报错说明测试通过,即UserService
的findByName
方法可行。
此外,和在Controller中引用Service相比,在测试单元中对Service测试完毕后,数据能自动回滚,只需要在测试方法上加上@Transactional
注解,比如:
@Test
@Transactional
public void test() {
User user = new User();
user.setId(this.userService.getSequence("seq_user"));
user.setUsername("JUnit");
user.setPasswd("123456");
user.setStatus("1");
user.setCreateTime(new Date());
this.userService.save(user);
}
运行,测试通过,查看数据库发现数据并没有被插入,这样很好的避免了不必要的数据污染。
测试Controller
现有如下Controller:
@RestController
public class UserController {
@Autowired
UserService userService;
@GetMapping("user/{userName}")
public User getUserByName(@PathVariable(value = "userName") String userName) {
return this.userService.findByName(userName);
}
@PostMapping("user/save")
public void saveUser(@RequestBody User user) {
this.userService.saveUser(user);
}
}
现在编写一个针对于该ControllergetUserByName(@PathVariable(value = "userName") String userName)
方法的测试类:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class UserControllerTest {
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext wac;
@Before
public void setupMockMvc(){
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
}
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
mockMvc.perform(
MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/{userName}", "scott")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath("$.username").value("scott"))
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());
}
}
运行后,JUnit通过,控制台输出过程如下所示:
MockHttpServletRequest:
HTTP Method = GET
Request URI = /user/scott
Parameters = {}
Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}
Handler:
Type = demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController
Method = public demo.springboot.test.domain.User demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController.getUserByName(java.lang.String)
Async:
Async started = false
Async result = null
Resolved Exception:
Type = null
ModelAndView:
View name = null
View = null
Model = null
FlashMap:
Attributes = null
MockHttpServletResponse:
Status = 200
Error message = null
Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}
Content type = application/json;charset=UTF-8
Body = {"id":23,"username":"scott","passwd":"ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15","createTime":1514535399000,"status":"1"}
Forwarded URL = null
Redirected URL = null
Cookies = []
继续编写一个针对于该ControllersaveUser(@RequestBody User user)
方法的测试类:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class UserControllerTest {
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext wac;
@Autowired
ObjectMapper mapper;
@Before
public void setupMockMvc(){
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
}
@Test
@Transactional
public void test() throws Exception {
User user = new User();
user.setUsername("Dopa");
user.setPasswd("ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15");
user.setStatus("1");
String userJson = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);
mockMvc.perform(
MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/user/save")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
.content(userJson.getBytes()))
.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print());
}
}
运行过程如下所示:
MockHttpServletRequest:
HTTP Method = POST
Request URI = /user/save
Parameters = {}
Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}
Handler:
Type = demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController
Method = public void demo.springboot.test.controller.UserController.saveUser(demo.springboot.test.domain.User)
Async:
Async started = false
Async result = null
Resolved Exception:
Type = null
ModelAndView:
View name = null
View = null
Model = null
FlashMap:
Attributes = null
MockHttpServletResponse:
Status = 200
Error message = null
Headers = {}
Content type = null
Body =
Forwarded URL = null
Redirected URL = null
Cookies = []
值得注意的是,在一个完整的系统中编写测试单元时,可能需要模拟一个登录用户信息Session,MockMvc也提供了解决方案,可在初始化的时候模拟一个HttpSession:
private MockMvc mockMvc;
private MockHttpSession session;
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext wac;
@Before
public void setupMockMvc(){
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build();
session = new MockHttpSession();
User user =new User();
user.setUsername("Dopa");
user.setPasswd("ac3af72d9f95161a502fd326865c2f15");
session.setAttribute("user", user);
}