一、文件操作基本流程

计算机系统分为:计算机硬件,操作系统,应用程序三部分。

我们用 python 或其他语言编写的应用程序若想要把数据永久保存下来,必须要保存于硬盘中,这就涉及到应用程序要操作硬件,众所周知,应用程序是无法直接操作硬件的,这就用到了操作系统。操作系统把复杂的硬件操作封装成简单的接口给用户/应用程序使用,其中文件就是操作系统提供给应用程序来操作硬盘虚拟概念,用户或应用程序通过操作文件,可以将自己的数据永久保存下来。

有了文件的概念,我们无需再去考虑操作硬盘的细节,只需要关注操作文件的流程:

  1. #1. 打开文件,得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
  2. f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') #默认打开模式就为 r
  3. #2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
  4. data=f.read()
  5. print(data)
  6. #3. 关闭文件
  7. f.close()

执行输出

123

注意:a.txt 必须要存在,如果不存在,请手动创建,请保持和 py 脚本在同一目录

关闭文件的注意事项:

打开一个文件包含两部分资源:操作系统级打开的文件 + 应用程序的变量。在操作完毕一个文件时,必须把与该文件的这两部分资源一个不落地回收,回收方法为:

1、f.close() # 回收操作系统级打开的文件

2、del f # 回收应用程序级的变量

其中 delf 一定要发生在 f.close()之后,否则就会导致操作系统打开的文件还没有关闭,白白占用资源,而 python 自动的垃圾回收机制决定了我们无需考虑 del f,这就要求我们,在操作完毕文件后,一定要记住 f.close()

虽然我这么说,但是很多同学还是会很不要脸地忘记 f.close(), 对于这些经常忘记的同学,我们推荐傻瓜式操作方式:使用 with 关键字来帮我们管理上下文

  1. # with open('a.txt', 'w') as f:
  2. # pass
  3. with open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as read_f, open('b.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as write_f:
  4. data = read_f.read()
  5. write_f.write(data)

二、文件编码

f=open(…)是由操作系统打开文件,那么如果我们没有为 open 指定编码,那么打开文件的默认编码很明显是操作系统说了算了,操作系统会用自己的默认编码去打开文件,在 windows 下是 gbk,在 linux 下是 utf-8。

这就用到了上节课讲的字符编码的知识:若要保证不乱码,文件以什么方式存的,就要以什么方式打开。

  1. f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

三、文件的打开模式

文件句柄 = open(’文件路径’,’模式’)

1. 打开文件的模式有(默认为文本模式)

r,只读模式【默认模式,文件必须存在,不存在则抛出异常】

w,只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则清空内容】

a, 只追加写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容】

2. 对于非文本文件,我们只能使用 b 模式

“b”表示以字节的方式操作(而所有文件也都是以字节的形式存储的,使用这种模式无需考虑文本文件的字符编码、图片文件的 jgp 格式、视频文件的 avi 格式)

rb

wb

ab

注:以 b 方式打开时,读取到的内容是字节类型,写入时也需要提供字节类型,不能指定编码

3. ‘+’模式

r+, 读写【可读,可写】

w+,写读【可写,可读】

a+, 写读【可写,可读】

4,以 bytes 类型操作的读写,写读,写读模式

r+b, 读写【可读,可写】

w+b,写读【可写,可读】

a+b, 写读【可写,可读】

四、文件操作方法

4.1 常用操作方法

read(3):

  1. 文件打开方式为文本模式时,代表读取 3 个字符

  2. 文件打开方式为 b 模式时,代表读取 3 个字节

其余的文件内光标移动都是以字节为单位的如:seek,tell,truncate

注意:

  1. seek 有三种移动方式 0,1,2,其中 1 和 2 必须在 b 模式下进行,但无论哪种模式,都是以 bytes 为单位移动的

  2. truncate 是截断文件,所以文件的打开方式必须可写,但是不能用 w 或 w+等方式打开,因为那样直接清空文件了,所以 truncate 要在 r+或 a 或 a+等模式下测试效果。

4.2 所有操作方法

2.x

  1. class file(object)
  2. def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  3. 关闭文件
  4. """
  5. close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file.
  6. Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for
  7. further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without
  8. error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
  9. may return an exit status upon closing.
  10. """
  11. def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  12. 文件描述符
  13. """
  14. fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".
  15. This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().
  16. """
  17. return 0
  18. def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  19. 刷新文件内部缓冲区
  20. """ flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. """
  21. pass
  22. def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  23. 判断文件是否是同意tty设备
  24. """ isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. """
  25. return False
  26. def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  27. 获取下一行数据,不存在,则报错
  28. """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """
  29. pass
  30. def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  31. 读取指定字节数据
  32. """
  33. read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
  34. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
  35. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
  36. may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.
  37. """
  38. pass
  39. def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  40. 读取到缓冲区,不要用,将被遗弃
  41. """ readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. """
  42. pass
  43. def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  44. 仅读取一行数据
  45. """
  46. readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
  47. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
  48. number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
  49. Return an empty string at EOF.
  50. """
  51. pass
  52. def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  53. 读取所有数据,并根据换行保存值列表
  54. """
  55. readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
  56. Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
  57. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
  58. total number of bytes in the lines returned.
  59. """
  60. return []
  61. def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  62. 指定文件中指针位置
  63. """
  64. seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position.
  65. Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
  66. (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
  67. (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
  68. relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
  69. seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode,
  70. only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes
  71. undefined behavior.
  72. Note that not all file objects are seekable.
  73. """
  74. pass
  75. def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  76. 获取当前指针位置
  77. """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """
  78. pass
  79. def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  80. 截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
  81. """
  82. truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
  83. Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
  84. """
  85. pass
  86. def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  87. 写内容
  88. """
  89. write(str) -> None. Write string str to file.
  90. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
  91. the file on disk reflects the data written.
  92. """
  93. pass
  94. def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  95. 将一个字符串列表写入文件
  96. """
  97. writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file.
  98. Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object
  99. producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.
  100. """
  101. pass
  102. def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  103. 可用于逐行读取文件,非全部
  104. """
  105. xreadlines() -> returns self.
  106. For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance
  107. optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.
  108. """
  109. pass

3.x

  1. class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):
  2. """
  3. Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
  4. encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
  5. decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).
  6. errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
  7. help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
  8. defaults to "strict".
  9. newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
  10. '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as follows:
  11. * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
  12. enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
  13. these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
  14. caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
  15. endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
  16. the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
  17. string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
  18. * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
  19. translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
  20. newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
  21. of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
  22. to the given string.
  23. If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
  24. write contains a newline character.
  25. """
  26. def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  27. 关闭文件
  28. pass
  29. def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  30. 文件描述符
  31. pass
  32. def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  33. 刷新文件内部缓冲区
  34. pass
  35. def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  36. 判断文件是否是同意tty设备
  37. pass
  38. def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  39. 读取指定字节数据
  40. pass
  41. def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  42. 是否可读
  43. pass
  44. def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  45. 仅读取一行数据
  46. pass
  47. def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  48. 指定文件中指针位置
  49. pass
  50. def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  51. 指针是否可操作
  52. pass
  53. def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  54. 获取指针位置
  55. pass
  56. def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  57. 截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
  58. pass
  59. def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  60. 是否可写
  61. pass
  62. def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  63. 写内容
  64. pass
  65. def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  66. pass
  67. def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  68. pass
  69. @staticmethod # known case of __new__
  70. def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  71. """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
  72. pass
  73. def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  74. """ Implement next(self). """
  75. pass
  76. def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  77. """ Return repr(self). """
  78. pass
  79. buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  80. closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  81. encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  82. errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  83. line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  84. name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  85. newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  86. _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
  87. _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default

五、文件的修改

文件的数据是存放于硬盘上的,因而只存在覆盖、不存在修改这么一说,我们平时看到的修改文件,都是模拟出来的效果,具体的说有两种实现方式:

方式一:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容全部加载到内存,在内存中是可以修改的,修改完毕后,再由内存覆盖到硬盘(word,vim,nodpad++等编辑器)

  1. import os # 调用系统模块
  2. with open('a.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as read_f, open('a.txt.swap', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as write_f:
  3. data = read_f.read() # 全部读入内存,如果文件很大,会很卡
  4. data = data.replace('alex', 'SB') # 在内存中完成修改
  5. write_f.write(data) # 一次性写入新文件
  6. os.remove('a.txt') # 删除原文件
  7. os.rename('a.txt.swap', 'a.txt') # 将新建的文件重命名为原文件

方式二:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容一行一行地读入内存,修改完毕就写入新文件,最后用新文件覆盖源文件

  1. import os
  2. with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
  3. for line in read_f:
  4. line=line.replace('alex','SB')
  5. write_f.write(line)
  6. os.remove('a.txt')
  7. os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt')

六、当日练习

1. 文件 a.txt 内容:每一行内容分别为商品名字,价钱,个数。

apple 10 3

tesla 100000 1

mac 3000 2

lenovo 30000 3

chicken 10 3

通过代码,将其构建成这种数据类型:[{‘name’:’apple’,’price’:10,’amount’:3},{‘name’:’tesla’,’price’:1000000,’amount’:1}……] 并计算出总价钱。

2,有如下文件:


alex 是老男孩 python 发起人,创建人。

alex 其实是人妖。

谁说 alex 是 sb?

你们真逗,alex 再牛逼,也掩饰不住资深屌丝的气质。


将文件中所有的 alex 都替换成大写的 SB。

习题分析:

1. 文件 a.txt 内容:每一行内容分别为商品名字,价钱,个数。

1.先读取每一行的内容

  1. with open('a.txt','r') as f:
  2. for line in f:
  3. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  4. line = line.strip()
  5. #判断是否为空行
  6. if len(line) == 0:
  7. continue
  8. #打印文件内容
  9. print(line)

执行输出

apple 10 3

tesla 100000 1

mac 3000 2

lenovo 30000 3

chicken 10 3

2.对内容进行切片,这里使用空格作为分割符,使用 split()方法

  1. with open('a.txt','r') as f:
  2. for line in f:
  3. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  4. line = line.strip()
  5. #判断是否为空行
  6. if len(line) == 0:
  7. continue
  8. #split()通过指定分隔符对字符串进行切片,这里为空格
  9. res = line.split(' ')
  10. #打印变量
  11. print(res)

执行输出

[‘apple’, ‘10’, ‘3’]

[‘tesla’, ‘100000’, ‘1’]

[‘mac’, ‘3000’, ‘2’]

[‘lenovo’, ‘30000’, ‘3’]

[‘chicken’, ‘10’, ‘3’]

3.将列表的数据,放入指定的字典中

  1. with open('a.txt','r') as f:
  2. for line in f:
  3. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  4. line = line.strip()
  5. #判断是否为空行
  6. if len(line) == 0:
  7. continue
  8. #split()通过指定分隔符对字符串进行切片,这里为空格
  9. res = line.split(' ')
  10. #打印变量
  11. print({'name':res[0],'price':res[1],'amount':res[2]})

执行输出

{‘price’: ‘10’, ‘name’: ‘apple’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}

{‘price’: ‘100000’, ‘name’: ‘tesla’, ‘amount’: ‘1’}

{‘price’: ‘3000’, ‘name’: ‘mac’, ‘amount’: ‘2’}

{‘price’: ‘30000’, ‘name’: ‘lenovo’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}

{‘price’: ‘10’, ‘name’: ‘chicken’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}

4.将字典追加到一个总的列表中,最终代码如下:

  1. #总列表
  2. result = []
  3. with open('a.txt','r') as f:
  4. for line in f:
  5. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  6. line = line.strip()
  7. #判断是否为空行
  8. if len(line) == 0:
  9. continue
  10. #split()通过指定分隔符对字符串进行切片,这里为空格
  11. res = line.split(' ')
  12. #追加内容
  13. result.append({'name': res[0],'price': res[1],'amount': res[2]})
  14. print(result)

执行输出:

[{‘name’: ‘apple’, ‘price’: ‘10’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}, {‘name’: ‘tesla’, ‘price’: ‘100000’, ‘amount’: ‘1’}, {‘name’: ‘mac’, ‘price’: ‘3000’, ‘amount’: ‘2’}, {‘name’: ‘lenovo’, ‘price’: ‘30000’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}, {‘name’: ‘chicken’, ‘price’: ‘10’, ‘amount’: ‘3’}]

2,有如下文件:

将文件中所有的 alex 都替换成大写的 SB。

1.先创建一个文件 b.txt,将内容写入,读取文件内容。

由于文件涉及到中文,所以这里指定编码为 utf-8

  1. with open('b.txt','r',encoding="utf-8") as f:
  2. for line in f:
  3. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  4. line = line.strip()
  5. #判断是否为空行
  6. if len(line) == 0:
  7. continue
  8. #打印文件内容
  9. print(line)

执行输出:

alex 是老男孩 python 发起人,创建人。

alex 其实是人妖。

谁说 alex 是 sb?

你们真逗,alex 再牛逼,也掩饰不住资深屌丝的气质。

  1. 每行判断是否存在 alex,有的话,使用 replace()方法进行替换
  1. with open('b.txt','r',encoding="utf-8") as f:
  2. for line in f:
  3. #去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  4. line = line.strip()
  5. #判断是否为空行
  6. if len(line) == 0:
  7. continue
  8. if "alex" in line:
  9. line = line.replace("alex", "SB")
  10. #打印文件内容
  11. print(line)

执行输出:

SB 是老男孩 python 发起人,创建人。

SB 其实是人妖。

谁说 SB 是 sb?

你们真逗,SB 再牛逼,也掩饰不住资深屌丝的气质。

3. 将文件内容写入到一个新的文件中,并重新读取新文件

  1. with open('b.txt','r',encoding="utf-8") as f,\
  2. open('b.txt.bak','w',encoding="utf-8") as f_new:
  3. for line in f:
  4. #判断是否为空行
  5. if len(line) == 0:
  6. continue
  7. #判断一行内容是否包含 alex
  8. if "alex" in line:
  9. #替换文件内容
  10. line = line.replace("alex", "SB")
  11. #写入文件内容
  12. f_new.write(line)
  13. #读取新文件内容
  14. with open('b.txt.bak','r',encoding="utf-8") as f_red:
  15. for line_red in f_red:
  16. # 去除字符串左右 2 边的空格
  17. line_red = line_red.strip()
  18. print(line_red)

执行输出:

SB 是老男孩 python 发起人,创建人。

SB 其实是人妖。

谁说 SB 是 sb?

你们真逗,SB 再牛逼,也掩饰不住资深屌丝的气质。