数据可视化
介绍一种”凹凸图(bump charts)“的绘制方法，其绘图函数主要来自R包-ggbump，主要内容如下：

  • R-ggbump包基本绘图简介
  • R-ggbump包实例演示

    R-ggbump包基本绘图函数简介

    R-ggbump包主要包含：geom_bump()和geom_sigmoid()，两个函数主要绘制随时间变化的平滑曲线排名图，内置参数也几乎相同，如下：
    1. ( mapping = NULL,
    2. data = NULL,
    3. geom = "line",
    4. position = "identity",
    5. na.rm = FALSE,
    6. show.legend = NA,
    7. smooth = 8,
    8. direction = "x",
    9. inherit.aes = TRUE,
    10. ...)
    其官网(https://github.com/davidsjoberg/ggbump)提供的例子如下(部分)：
    2021-05-14-00-03-37-325872.png
    Example Of geom_bump()
    2021-05-14-00-03-37-700878.png
    Example Of geom_sigmoid()
    从以上也可以看出两个绘图函数所绘制的图形属于同一类别，下面通过实例数据进行两个绘图函数的理解。

    R-ggbump包实例演示

    geom_bump()绘图函数

    「样例一：」

    直接构造数据并对结果继续美化操作，代码如下：
    1. library(tidyverse)
    2. library(ggtext)
    3. library(hrbrthemes)
    4. library(wesanderson)
    5. library(LaCroixColoR)
    6. library(RColorBrewer)
    7. library(ggbump)
    8. #数据构建和处理
    9. test_01 <- tibble(country = c("India", "India", "India", "Sweden", "Sweden", "Sweden", "Germany", "Germany", "Germany", "Finland", "Finland", "Finland"),
    10.            year = c(2011, 2012, 2013, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2011, 2012, 2013),
    11.            value = c(492, 246, 246, 369, 123, 492, 246, 369, 123, 123, 492, 369))
    12. test_01_plot <- test_01 %>% group_by(year) %>% mutate(rank=rank(value, ties.method = "random")) %>% ungroup
    13. #可视化绘制
    14. charts01_cus <- ggplot(data = test_01_plot,aes(x = year,y = rank,color=country))+
    15.          ggbump::geom_bump(size=2,smooth = 8) +
    16.          #添加圆点
    17.          geom_point(size=8)+
    18.          # 添加文本信息
    19.          geom_text(data = test_01_plot %>% filter(year==min(year)),
    20.                   aes(x=year-.1,label=country),size=6,fontface="bold",hjust = 1) +
    21.          geom_text(data = test_01_plot %>% filter(year == max(year)),
    22.                   aes(x = year + .1, label = country), size = 6,fontface="bold",hjust = 0) +
    23.          #修改刻度
    24.          scale_x_continuous(limits = c(2010.6, 2013.4),
    25.                             breaks = seq(2011, 2013, 1)) +
    26.          scale_color_manual(values = lacroix_palette("Pamplemousse", type = "discrete"))+
    27.          labs(
    28.              title = "Example of <span style='color:#D20F26'>ggbump::geom_bump function</span>",
    29.              subtitle = "processed charts with <span style='color:#1A73E8'>geom_bump()</span>",
    30.              caption = "Visualization by <span style='color:#DD6449'>DataCharm</span>")+
    31.          hrbrthemes::theme_ft_rc(base_family = "Roboto Condensed") +
    32.           theme(
    33.               plot.title = element_markdown(hjust = 0.5,vjust = .5,color = "black",
    34.                                             size = 20, margin = margin(t = 1, b = 12)),
    35.               plot.subtitle = element_markdown(hjust = 0,vjust = .5,size=12),
    36.               plot.caption = element_markdown(face = 'bold',size = 10),
    37.               legend.position = "none",
    38.               panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
    39.               panel.grid.minor = element_blank())+
    40.             scale_y_reverse()
    可以看到仅使用geom_bump()即可绘制，到这里使用了更多的绘图函数和主题、样式等设置语句对其进行美化操作，可视化结果如下：
    2021-05-14-00-03-37-853462.png
    Exercise Of geom_bump()

    「样例二：」

    第二个小例子，通过构建虚拟数据进行可视化结果绘制，如下： ```r

    读入数据

    library(readxl)

df<-read_excel(“rank_data.xlsx”)

定义颜色

cols <- c( “#882B1A”, “#676564”, “#E8751A”, “#779AC4”, “#646E3F”, “#9D49B9”, “#C09F2F”, “#65955B”, “#284D95”,”#B34525”)

可视化绘制

charts02_cus <- ggplot(data = df,aes(x = race_num,y = rank,color=team_name,group=team_name)) + geom_bump(smooth = 7, size = 2.5) + geom_point(data = df %>% filter(race_num == 1),size = 5) + geom_point(data = df %>% filter(race_num == 7),size = 5, shape = 21, fill = “black”, stroke = 2) + geom_text(data = df %>% filter(race_num == 7),aes(x = 7.12,label = team_name), family = “Cinzel”,fontface = ‘bold’,size = 4, hjust = 0) +

添加序号

geom_point(data = tibble(x = .8, y = 1:10), aes(x = x, y = y), inherit.aes = F,shape=21,color = “grey95”,size = 5,stroke = 1.) + geom_text(data = tibble(x = .8, y = 1:10), aes(x = x, y = y, label = y), inherit.aes = F,size=2.5,fontface = ‘bold’, color = “grey95”)+ coord_cartesian(clip = “off”) + scale_x_continuous( expand = c(.01, .01), limits = c(.8, 8.1), breaks = 1:7, labels = c(“Begain”,glue::glue(“Race {1:5}”), “Finish”), sec.axis = dup_axis() ) + scale_y_reverse( expand = c(.05, .05), breaks = 1:16 ) + scale_color_manual( values = cols, guide = F ) + labs(x=””,y=””, title = “Example of ggbump::geom_bump() function“, subtitle = “processed charts with geom_bump()“, caption = “Visualization by DataCharm“)+ theme( plot.title = element_markdown(hjust = 0.5,vjust = .5,color = “gray50”,face = ‘bold’, size = 20, margin = margin(t = 1, b = 12)), plot.subtitle = element_markdown(hjust = 0,vjust = .5,size=12,color = “gray50”), plot.caption = element_markdown(face = ‘bold’,size = 10), plot.background = element_rect(fill = “black”, color = “black”), panel.background = element_rect(fill = “black”, color = “black”), panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank(), axis.text.x.top = element_text(size = 9,color = “grey95”,family = “Cinzel”,face = ‘bold’), axis.text.y.left = element_blank(), axis.ticks = element_blank() )

  1. (这里涉及到很多关于主题设置的语句)<br />![2021-05-14-00-03-38-005057.png](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2021/png/396745/1620922067599-e8bd1c15-4fea-44ac-aa24-c1d4b05cee5c.png#clientId=ue63c63e7-f948-4&from=ui&id=u3cf528e5&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&name=2021-05-14-00-03-38-005057.png&originHeight=432&originWidth=1080&originalType=binary&size=1402446&status=done&style=none&taskId=u112606ce-9c55-49f0-8087-bfd73138f08)<br />Exercise2 Of geom_bump
  2. <a name="zvf7Z"></a>
  3. ### `geom_sigmoid()`绘图函数
  4. 对于该函数，还是通过构建数据进行绘制：
  5. ```r
  6. data_test <- tibble(
  7.     x = c(0.5,0.5,1,1,1,1,1,1),
  8.     xend = c(1, 1, 3, 3, 3 ,3, 3, 3),
  9.     y = c(4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 2, 2, 2),
  10.     yend = c(6,2,7,6,5,3,2,1),
  11.     group = c("Python","R","Numpy","Pandas","Matplolib","Dplyr","Data.table","Ggplot2")
  12. )
  13. #可视化绘制
  14. charts04_cus <- ggplot(data_test) +
  15.   geom_sigmoid(data = data_test %>% filter(xend < 3),
  16.                aes(x = x, y = y, xend = xend, yend = yend, group = factor(group)),
  17.                direction = "x", color = "#cb7575", size = 2, smooth = 6) + 
  18.   geom_sigmoid(data = data_test %>% filter(group %in% c("Numpy","Pandas","Matplolib")),
  19.               aes(x = x, xend = xend, y = y, yend = yend, group=group),
  20.               direction = "x",color = "#cb7575", size = 2, smooth = 12) + 
  21.   geom_sigmoid(data = data_test %>% filter(y==2),
  22.               aes(x = x, xend = xend, y = y, yend = yend, group=group),
  23.               direction = "x",color = "#cb7575", size = 2, smooth = 11) + 
  24.   geom_label(data = tibble(x = 0.1, y = 4, label = "DataScience"), 
  25.              aes(x, y, label = label), inherit.aes = F, size = 10, color = "white", 
  26.              fill = "#004E66",family = "Cinzel",nudge_x = -.15) + 
  27.   geom_label(data = data_test %>% filter(xend < 3),
  28.              aes(x = xend, y = yend, label = group),inherit.aes = F, size = 8, 
  29.              color = "white", fill = "#004E66", family = "Cinzel",
  30.              hjust=0.5,nudge_y = .45,nudge_x = .3)+
  31.   geom_label(data = data_test %>% filter(xend == 3),
  32.              aes(x = xend, y = yend, label = group),inherit.aes = F, size = 7, 
  33.              color = "white", fill = "#004E66", family = "Cinzel",hjust=0) +
  34.   labs(x="",y="",
  35.         title = "Example of <span style='color:#D20F26'>ggbump::geom_sigmoid() function</span>",
  36.         subtitle = "processed charts with <span style='color:#1A73E8'>geom_sigmoid()</span>",
  37.         caption = "Visualization by <span style='color:#DD6449'>DataCharm</span>")+
  38.   scale_x_continuous(limits = c(-.5,4)) + 
  39.   theme(plot.title = element_markdown(hjust = 0.5,vjust = .5,color = "gray50",face = 'bold',
  40.                                               size = 20, margin = margin(t = 1, b = 12)),
  41.         plot.subtitle = element_markdown(hjust = 0,vjust = .5,size=12,color = "gray50"),
  42.         plot.caption = element_markdown(face = 'bold',size = 10),
  43.         panel.grid = element_blank(),
  44.         axis.line = element_blank(),
  45.         axis.ticks = element_blank(),
  46.         axis.text.y = element_blank(),
  47.         axis.title.y = element_blank(),
  48.         axis.text.x = element_blank(),
  49.         panel.background = element_rect(fill = "#353848"),
  50.         plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#353848",colour = "#353848"))

(使用了很多常用的主题设置语句)
2021-05-14-00-03-38-143687.png
Exercise Of geom_sigmoid