10分钟pandas教程
创建对象
可视化数据
选择数据
缺失数据处理
数据操作
合并(merge)
- join方法
- append方法
分组（grouping）
- groupby、Grouper和agg函数的使用(重要重要重要！！！)
  - (1) groupby && Grouper
  - (2) agg
重塑（reshape）
- stack方法
透视表（Pivot table）
时间序列（Time Series）
Categoricals
画图
文件输入输出获取数据（Getting Data In/Out）
- csv
HDF5
- Excel

10分钟pandas教程

这是一个简短的介绍pandas用法，主要面向新用户。在Cookbook你可以看到更复杂的方法。

通常，我们导入以下模块：

In [1]: import pandas as pd
In [2]: import numpy as np
In [3]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

创建对象

创建一个Series对象：

In [4]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8])
In [5]: s
Out[5]: 
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

通过numpy数组创建一个DateFrame对象，包括索引和列标签：

In [6]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
In [7]: dates
Out[7]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
In [8]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
In [9]: df
Out[9]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

通过字典方式创建DataFrame对象：

In [10]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({ 'A' : 1.,
   ....:                      'B' : pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
   ....:                      'C' : pd.Series(1,index=list(range(4)),dtype='float32'),
   ....:                      'D' : np.array([3] * 4,dtype='int32'),
   ....:                      'E' : pd.Categorical(["test","train","test","train"]),
   ....:                      'F' : 'foo' })
   ....: 
In [11]: df2
Out[11]: 
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

查看各列的类型：

In [12]: df2.dtypes
Out[12]: 
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

可视化数据

查看首尾行数：

In [14]: df.head()
Out[14]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
In [15]: df.tail(3)
Out[15]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示索引，列标签和底层numpy数据：

In [16]: df.index
Out[16]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
In [17]: df.columns
Out[17]: Index([u'A', u'B', u'C', u'D'], dtype='object')
In [18]: df.values
Out[18]: 
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
       [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
       [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
       [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
       [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
       [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

describe方法显示数据的快速统计汇总结果：

In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

转置数据：

In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按索引排序：

In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按指定列的值排序：

In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

选择数据

Note：标准Python/Numpy的数据选择和设置很直观和方便，但是在生产环境，我们推荐优化的pandas方法，如at, .iat, .loc, .iloc 和 .ix

Geting数据

选择一列数据，返回Series数据类型，和 df.A 命令等价：

In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

通过 [] 选择行数据：

In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

列标签选择数据

通过date索引获取一个横截面（cross section）数据：

In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

多个标签获取数据：

In [27]: df.loc[:,['A','B']]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

切片数据：

In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104',['A','B']]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

在切片数据上精简维度：

In [29]: df.loc['20130102',['A','B']]
Out[29]: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

获取一个标量数据：

In [30]: df.loc[dates[0],'A']
Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628

一个更快速获取标量数据的方法（和上一个方法等同）：

In [31]: df.at[dates[0],'A']
Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628

通过位置获取数据

通过传递一个整数值定位：

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

类似Numpy/python，通过切片定位：

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5,0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

通过整数列表定位：

In [34]: df.iloc[[1,2,4],[0,2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

指定行切片：

In [35]: df.iloc[1:3,:]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

指定列切片：

In [36]: df.iloc[:,1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

通过位置获取值：

In [37]: df.iloc[1,1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

类似的iat方法：

In [38]: df.iat[1,1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

布尔索引

通过单列值取数：

In [39]: df[df.A > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

一个where操作取值：

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

isin（）方法：

In [41]: df2 = df.copy()
In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one','two','three','four','three']
In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three
In [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two','four'])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

赋值

相同索引赋值一列数据：

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64
In [47]: df['F'] = s1

通过标签赋值：

In [48]: df.at[dates[0],'A'] = 0

位置赋值：

In [49]: df.iat[0,1] = 0

numpy数组赋值：

In [50]: df.loc[:,'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))

前面操作的结果展示：

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0

where操作赋值：

In [52]: df2 = df.copy()
In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2
In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

缺失数据处理

pandas 主要用np.nan表示缺失数据，默认不列入计算。

reindex方法允许在指定的轴上增/删/改原索引，返回一个副本：

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1],'E'] = 1
In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                  A         B         C         D    E
2018-03-01  0.004023 -1.776898  0.689760  0.753648  1.0
2018-03-02  1.979978  0.965044  0.512416 -2.538019  1.0
2018-03-03 -0.991052 -0.690239  0.077280  0.860828  NaN
2018-03-04  0.147670  0.886152  1.991110 -0.514134  NaN

删除有缺失值的行：

In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

在缺失值位置填充：

In [40]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[40]:
                   A         B         C         D    E
2018-03-01  0.004023 -1.776898  0.689760  0.753648  1.0
2018-03-02  1.979978  0.965044  0.512416 -2.538019  1.0
2018-03-03 -0.991052 -0.690239  0.077280  0.860828  5.0
2018-03-04  0.147670  0.886152  1.991110 -0.514134  5.0

判断是否缺失，返回布尔集：

In [41]: df1.isnull()
Out[41]:
                A      B      C      D      E
2018-03-01  False  False  False  False  False
2018-03-02  False  False  False  False  False
2018-03-03  False  False  False  False   True
2018-03-04  False  False  False  False   True

数据操作

Operations 通常排除缺失数据

描述统计：

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

同样操作在标签维度：

In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

pandas操作不同维度的数据需要对齐，另外它会按指定的维度方向计算：

In [63]: s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8], index=dates).shift(2)
In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

apply方法

applying 函数：

In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0
In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

直方图

In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))
In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64
In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
6    2
2    2
1    1
dtype: int64

字符串方法

Series中的字符处理方法和Python中的str方法一样。另外str方法默认在模式匹配的时候默认使用正则表达。

In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])
In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

合并(merge)

concat方法：

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
# break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]
In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

join方法

In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2
In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5
In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

append方法

在DataFrame中增加一列：

In [82]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A','B','C','D'])
In [83]: df
Out[83]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
In [84]: s = df.iloc[3]
In [85]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[85]: 
          A         B         C         D
0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758

分组（grouping）

在”group by”的时候涉及到以下几步：

Spliting 按条件分割数据
Applying 在每组上应用函数
Combing 合并成一个数据集

In [86]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
   ....:                           'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
   ....:                    'B' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
   ....:                           'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
   ....:                    'C' : np.random.randn(8),
   ....:                    'D' : np.random.randn(8)})
   ....: 
In [87]: df
Out[87]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033

先分组然后应用sum函数：

In [88]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[88]: 
            C        D
A                     
bar -2.802588  2.42611
foo  3.146492 -0.63958

通过多列分组并生成层次索引，然后应用函数：

In [89]: df.groupby(['A','B']).sum()
Out[89]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one   -1.814470  2.395985
    three -0.595447  0.166599
    two   -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one   -1.195665 -0.616981
    three  1.928123 -1.623033
    two    2.414034  1.600434

groupby、Grouper和agg函数的使用(重要重要重要！！！)

(1) groupby && Grouper

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_excel("https://github.com/chris1610/pbpython/blob/master/data/sample-salesv3.xlsx?raw=True")
df["date"] = pd.to_datetime(df['date'])
df.head()

10分钟pandas教程 - 图1
统计’ext price’这个属性在每个月的累和(sum)值，resample 只有在index为date类型的时候才能用：

df.set_index('date').resample('M')['ext price'].sum()

date
2014-01-31    185361.66
2014-02-28    146211.62
2014-03-31    203921.38
2014-04-30    174574.11
2014-05-31    165418.55
2014-06-30    174089.33
2014-07-31    191662.11
2014-08-31    153778.59
2014-09-30    168443.17
2014-10-31    171495.32
2014-11-30    119961.22
2014-12-31    163867.26
Freq: M, Name: ext price, dtype: float64

进一步的，我们想知道每个用户每个月的sum值，那么就需要一个groupby了

# df.set_index('date').groupby('name')['ext price'].resample("M").sum()
df.groupby(['name', pd.Grouper(key='date', freq='M')])['ext price'].sum()

name                             date      
Barton LLC                       2014-01-31     6177.57
                                 2014-02-28    12218.03
                                 2014-03-31     3513.53
                                 2014-04-30    11474.20
                                 2014-05-31    10220.17
                                 2014-06-30    10463.73
                                 2014-07-31     6750.48
                                 2014-08-31    17541.46
                                 2014-09-30    14053.61
                                 2014-10-31     9351.68
                                 2014-11-30     4901.14
                                 2014-12-31     2772.90
Cronin, Oberbrunner and Spencer  2014-01-31     1141.75
                                 2014-02-28    13976.26
                                 2014-03-31    11691.62
                                 2014-04-30     3685.44
                                 2014-05-31     6760.11
                                 2014-06-30     5379.67
                                 2014-07-31     6020.30
                                 2014-08-31     5399.58
                                 2014-09-30    12693.74
                                 2014-10-31     9324.37
                                 2014-11-30     6021.11
                                 2014-12-31     7640.60
Frami, Hills and Schmidt         2014-01-31     5112.34
                                 2014-02-28     4124.53
                                 2014-03-31    10397.44
                                 2014-04-30     5036.18
                                 2014-05-31     4097.87
                                 2014-06-30    13192.19
                                                 ...   
Trantow-Barrows                  2014-07-31    11987.34
                                 2014-08-31    17251.65
                                 2014-09-30     6992.48
                                 2014-10-31    10064.27
                                 2014-11-30     6550.10
                                 2014-12-31    10124.23
White-Trantow                    2014-01-31    13703.77
                                 2014-02-28    11783.98
                                 2014-03-31     8583.05
                                 2014-04-30    19009.20
                                 2014-05-31     5877.29
                                 2014-06-30    14791.32
                                 2014-07-31    10242.62
                                 2014-08-31    12287.21
                                 2014-09-30     5315.16
                                 2014-10-31    19896.85
                                 2014-11-30     9544.61
                                 2014-12-31     4806.93
Will LLC                         2014-01-31    20953.87
                                 2014-02-28    13613.06
                                 2014-03-31     9838.93
                                 2014-04-30     6094.94
                                 2014-05-31    11856.95
                                 2014-06-30     2419.52
                                 2014-07-31    11017.54
                                 2014-08-31     1439.82
                                 2014-09-30     4345.99
                                 2014-10-31     7085.33
                                 2014-11-30     3210.44
                                 2014-12-31    12561.21
Name: ext price, Length: 240, dtype: float64

显然，这种写法多敲了很多次键盘，那么它的好处是啥呢？
首先，逻辑上更加直接，当你敲代码完成以上统计的时候，你首先想到的就是groupby操作，而set_index， resample好像不会立马想到。想到了groupby这个’动作’之后，你就会紧接着想按照哪个key来操作，此时你只需要用字符串，或者Grouper把key定义好就行了。最后使用聚合函数，就得到了结果。所以，从人类的思考角度看，后者更容易记忆。
Grouper里的freq可以方便的改成其他周期参数（resample也可以），比如：

# 按照年度，且截止到12月最后一天统计ext price的sum值
df.groupby(['name', pd.Grouper(key='date', freq='A-DEC')])['ext price'].sum()

name                             date      
Barton LLC                       2014-12-31    109438.50
Cronin, Oberbrunner and Spencer  2014-12-31     89734.55
Frami, Hills and Schmidt         2014-12-31    103569.59
Fritsch, Russel and Anderson     2014-12-31    112214.71
Halvorson, Crona and Champlin    2014-12-31     70004.36
Herman LLC                       2014-12-31     82865.00
Jerde-Hilpert                    2014-12-31    112591.43
Kassulke, Ondricka and Metz      2014-12-31     86451.07
Keeling LLC                      2014-12-31    100934.30
Kiehn-Spinka                     2014-12-31     99608.77
Koepp Ltd                        2014-12-31    103660.54
Kuhn-Gusikowski                  2014-12-31     91094.28
Kulas Inc                        2014-12-31    137351.96
Pollich LLC                      2014-12-31     87347.18
Purdy-Kunde                      2014-12-31     77898.21
Sanford and Sons                 2014-12-31     98822.98
Stokes LLC                       2014-12-31     91535.92
Trantow-Barrows                  2014-12-31    123381.38
White-Trantow                    2014-12-31    135841.99
Will LLC                         2014-12-31    104437.60
Name: ext price, dtype: float64

(2) agg

从0.20.1开始，pandas引入了agg函数，它提供基于列的聚合操作。而groupby可以看做是基于行，或者说index的聚合操作。

从实现上看，groupby返回的是一个DataFrameGroupBy结构，这个结构必须调用聚合函数（如sum）之后，才会得到结构为Series的数据结果。
而agg是DataFrame的直接方法，返回的也是一个DataFrame。当然，很多功能用sum、mean等等也可以实现。但是agg更加简洁, 而且传给它的函数可以是字符串，也可以自定义，参数是column对应的子DataFrame
举个例子：

df[["ext price", "quantity", "unit price"]].agg(['sum', 'mean'])

你还可以针对不同的列使用不同的聚合函数：

df.agg({'ext price': ['sum', 'mean'], 'quantity': ['sum', 'mean'], 'unit price': ['mean']})

自定义函数怎么用呢，也是so easy。比如，我想统计sku中，购买次数最多的产品编号，可以这样做：

# 这里的x是sku对应的column
get_max = lambda x: x.value_counts(dropna=False).index[0]
df.agg({'ext price': ['sum', 'mean'], 
        'quantity': ['sum', 'mean'], 
        'unit price': ['mean'], 
        'sku': [get_max]})

10分钟pandas教程 - 图2

重塑（reshape）

stack方法

In [90]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
   ....:                      'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
   ....:                     ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
   ....:                      'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
   ....: 
In [91]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
In [92]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])
In [93]: df2 = df[:4]
In [94]: df2
Out[94]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230

stack方法用列标签新增一层索引：

In [95]: stacked = df2.stack()
In [96]: stacked
Out[96]: 
first  second   
bar    one     A    0.029399
               B   -0.542108
       two     A    0.282696
               B   -0.087302
baz    one     A   -1.575170
               B    1.771208
       two     A    0.816482
               B    1.100230
dtype: float64

stack方法的逆操作为unstack，默认解压最后一层：

In [97]: stacked.unstack()
Out[97]: 
                     A         B
first second                    
bar   one     0.029399 -0.542108
      two     0.282696 -0.087302
baz   one    -1.575170  1.771208
      two     0.816482  1.100230
In [98]: stacked.unstack(1)
Out[98]: 
second        one       two
first                      
bar   A  0.029399  0.282696
      B -0.542108 -0.087302
baz   A -1.575170  0.816482
      B  1.771208  1.100230
In [99]: stacked.unstack(0)
Out[99]: 
first          bar       baz
second                      
one    A  0.029399 -1.575170
       B -0.542108  1.771208
two    A  0.282696  0.816482
       B -0.087302  1.100230

透视表（Pivot table）

In [100]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
   .....:                    'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
   .....:                    'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
   .....:                    'D' : np.random.randn(12),
   .....:                    'E' : np.random.randn(12)})
   .....: 
In [101]: df
Out[101]: 
        A  B    C         D         E
0     one  A  foo  1.418757 -0.179666
1     one  B  foo -1.879024  1.291836
2     two  C  foo  0.536826 -0.009614
3   three  A  bar  1.006160  0.392149
4     one  B  bar -0.029716  0.264599
5     one  C  bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6     two  A  foo  0.100900 -1.425638
7   three  B  foo -1.035018  1.024098
8     one  C  foo  0.314665 -0.106062
9     one  A  bar -0.773723  1.824375
10    two  B  bar -1.170653  0.595974
11  three  C  bar  0.648740  1.167115

可以通过pivot_table方法很轻松的透视数据：

In [102]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[102]: 
C             bar       foo
A     B                    
one   A -0.773723  1.418757
      B -0.029716 -1.879024
      C -1.146178  0.314665
three A  1.006160       NaN
      B       NaN -1.035018
      C  0.648740       NaN
two   A       NaN  0.100900
      B -1.170653       NaN
      C       NaN  0.536826

时间序列（Time Series）

pandas 拥有简单，强大，高效的函数用来处理频率转换中的重采样问题（例如将秒数据转换为5分钟数据）。

In [103]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')
In [104]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)
In [105]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()
Out[105]: 
2012-01-01    25083
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64

时区表示：

In [106]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')
In [107]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)
In [108]: ts
Out[108]: 
2012-03-06    0.464000
2012-03-07    0.227371
2012-03-08   -0.496922
2012-03-09    0.306389
2012-03-10   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [109]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')
In [110]: ts_utc
Out[110]: 
2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00    0.464000
2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00    0.227371
2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00   -0.496922
2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00    0.306389
2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

转换时区：

In [111]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
Out[111]: 
2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00    0.464000
2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00    0.227371
2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00   -0.496922
2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00    0.306389
2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00   -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64

时区跨度转换：

In [112]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')
In [113]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)
In [114]: ts
Out[114]: 
2012-01-31   -1.134623
2012-02-29   -1.561819
2012-03-31   -0.260838
2012-04-30    0.281957
2012-05-31    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [115]: ps = ts.to_period()
In [116]: ps
Out[116]: 
2012-01   -1.134623
2012-02   -1.561819
2012-03   -0.260838
2012-04    0.281957
2012-05    1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [117]: ps.to_timestamp()
Out[117]: 
2012-01-01   -1.134623
2012-02-01   -1.561819
2012-03-01   -0.260838
2012-04-01    0.281957
2012-05-01    1.523962
Freq: MS, dtype: float64

period和timestamp之间的转换让某些算术函数应用起来非常方便。下面的例子将一个quarterly frequency with year ending in November 转化成 9am of the end of the month following the quarter end:

In [118]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')
In [119]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)
In [120]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9
In [121]: ts.head()
Out[121]: 
1990-03-01 09:00   -0.902937
1990-06-01 09:00    0.068159
1990-09-01 09:00   -0.057873
1990-12-01 09:00   -0.368204
1991-03-01 09:00   -1.144073
Freq: H, dtype: float64

Categoricals

从0.15版开始，DateFrame已经包含了categorical类型

将原始数据转换为categorical类型：

In [123]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")
In [124]: df["grade"]
Out[124]: 
0    a
1    b
2    b
3    a
4    a
5    e
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, e]

重命名categorical类型：

In [125]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good","good","very bad"]

重新排列并新增缺失数据：

In [126]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium", "good", "very good"])
In [127]: df["grade"]
Out[127]: 
0    very good
1         good
2         good
3    very good
4    very good
5     very bad
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]

排序：

In [128]: df.sort_values(by="grade")
Out[128]: 
   id raw_grade      grade
5   6         e   very bad
1   2         b       good
2   3         b       good
0   1         a  very good
3   4         a  very good
4   5         a  very good

分组：

In [129]: df.groupby("grade").size()
Out[129]: 
grade
very bad     1
bad          0
medium       0
good         2
very good    3
dtype: int64

画图

In [130]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000), index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
In [131]: ts = ts.cumsum()
In [132]: ts.plot()
Out[132]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x10efd5a90>

10分钟pandas教程 - 图3

在DataFrame中画出所有列：

In [133]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index,
   .....:                   columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
   .....: 
In [134]: df = df.cumsum()
In [135]: plt.figure(); df.plot(); plt.legend(loc='best')
Out[135]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x112854d90>

10分钟pandas教程 - 图4

文件输入输出获取数据（Getting Data In/Out）

csv

将数据写入一个csv文件：

In [136]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')

读取csv数据文件：

In [137]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')
Out[137]: 
     Unnamed: 0          A          B         C          D
0    2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
1    2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2    2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
3    2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
4    2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
5    2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
6    2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
..          ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
993  2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
994  2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
995  2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
996  2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
997  2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
998  2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
999  2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368
[1000 rows x 5 columns]

HDF5

写入HDF5：

In [138]: df.to_hdf('foo.h5','df')

读取HDF5文件：

In [139]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h5','df')
Out[139]: 
                    A          B         C          D
2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
...               ...        ...       ...        ...
2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368
[1000 rows x 4 columns]

Excel

写入excel：

In [140]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')

读取Excel：

In [141]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])
Out[141]: 
                    A          B         C          D
2000-01-01   0.266457  -0.399641 -0.219582   1.186860
2000-01-02  -1.170732  -0.345873  1.653061  -0.282953
2000-01-03  -1.734933   0.530468  2.060811  -0.515536
2000-01-04  -1.555121   1.452620  0.239859  -1.156896
2000-01-05   0.578117   0.511371  0.103552  -2.428202
2000-01-06   0.478344   0.449933 -0.741620  -1.962409
2000-01-07   1.235339  -0.091757 -1.543861  -1.084753
...               ...        ...       ...        ...
2002-09-20 -10.628548  -9.153563 -7.883146  28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377  -8.727491 -6.399645  30.914107
2002-09-22  -8.985362  -8.485624 -4.669462  31.367740
2002-09-23  -9.558560  -8.781216 -4.499815  30.518439
2002-09-24  -9.902058  -9.340490 -4.386639  30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020  -9.480682 -3.933802  29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025  29.369368
[1000 rows x 4 columns]