Cookbook

Cookbook

This is a repository for short and sweet examples and links for useful pandas recipes. We encourage users to add to this documentation.

Adding interesting links and/or inline examples to this section is a great First Pull Request.

Simplified, condensed, new-user friendly, in-line examples have been inserted where possible to augment the Stack-Overflow and GitHub links. Many of the links contain expanded information, above what the in-line examples offer.

Pandas (pd) and Numpy (np) are the only two abbreviated imported modules. The rest are kept explicitly imported for newer users.

These examples are written for Python 3. Minor tweaks might be necessary for earlier python versions.

Idioms

These are some neat pandas idioms

if-then/if-then-else on one column, and assignment to another one or more columns:

In [1]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ...:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ...:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ...: 
In [2]: df
Out[2]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

if-then…

An if-then on one column

In [3]: df.loc[df.AAA >= 5, 'BBB'] = -1
In [4]: df
Out[4]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   -1   50
2    6   -1  -30
3    7   -1  -50

An if-then with assignment to 2 columns:

In [5]: df.loc[df.AAA >= 5, ['BBB', 'CCC']] = 555
In [6]: df
Out[6]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5  555  555
2    6  555  555
3    7  555  555

Add another line with different logic, to do the -else

In [7]: df.loc[df.AAA < 5, ['BBB', 'CCC']] = 2000
In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
   AAA   BBB   CCC
0    4  2000  2000
1    5   555   555
2    6   555   555
3    7   555   555

Or use pandas where after you’ve set up a mask

In [9]: df_mask = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [True] * 4,
   ...:                         'BBB': [False] * 4,
   ...:                         'CCC': [True, False] * 2})
   ...: 
In [10]: df.where(df_mask, -1000)
Out[10]: 
   AAA   BBB   CCC
0    4 -1000  2000
1    5 -1000 -1000
2    6 -1000   555
3    7 -1000 -1000

if-then-else using numpy’s where()

In [11]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [12]: df
Out[12]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [13]: df['logic'] = np.where(df['AAA'] > 5, 'high', 'low')
In [14]: df
Out[14]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC logic
0    4   10  100   low
1    5   20   50   low
2    6   30  -30  high
3    7   40  -50  high

Splitting

Split a frame with a boolean criterion

In [15]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [16]: df
Out[16]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [17]: df[df.AAA <= 5]
Out[17]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
In [18]: df[df.AAA > 5]
Out[18]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

Building criteria

Select with multi-column criteria

In [19]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [20]: df
Out[20]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

…and (without assignment returns a Series)

In [21]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] < 25) & (df['CCC'] >= -40), 'AAA']
Out[21]: 
0    4
1    5
Name: AAA, dtype: int64

…or (without assignment returns a Series)

In [22]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] > 25) | (df['CCC'] >= -40), 'AAA']
Out[22]: 
0    4
1    5
2    6
3    7
Name: AAA, dtype: int64

…or (with assignment modifies the DataFrame.)

In [23]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] > 25) | (df['CCC'] >= 75), 'AAA'] = 0.1
In [24]: df
Out[24]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0  0.1   10  100
1  5.0   20   50
2  0.1   30  -30
3  0.1   40  -50

Select rows with data closest to certain value using argsort

In [25]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [26]: df
Out[26]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [27]: aValue = 43.0
In [28]: df.loc[(df.CCC - aValue).abs().argsort()]
Out[28]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    5   20   50
0    4   10  100
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

Dynamically reduce a list of criteria using a binary operators

In [29]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [30]: df
Out[30]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [31]: Crit1 = df.AAA <= 5.5
In [32]: Crit2 = df.BBB == 10.0
In [33]: Crit3 = df.CCC > -40.0

One could hard code:

In [34]: AllCrit = Crit1 & Crit2 & Crit3

…Or it can be done with a list of dynamically built criteria

In [35]: import functools
In [36]: CritList = [Crit1, Crit2, Crit3]
In [37]: AllCrit = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, CritList)
In [38]: df[AllCrit]
Out[38]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100

Selection

DataFrames

The indexing docs.

Using both row labels and value conditionals

In [39]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [40]: df
Out[40]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [41]: df[(df.AAA <= 6) & (df.index.isin([0, 2, 4]))]
Out[41]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
2    6   30  -30

Use loc for label-oriented slicing and iloc positional slicing

In [42]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]},
   ....:                   index=['foo', 'bar', 'boo', 'kar'])
   ....:

There are 2 explicit slicing methods, with a third general case

Positional-oriented (Python slicing style : exclusive of end)
Label-oriented (Non-Python slicing style : inclusive of end)
General (Either slicing style : depends on if the slice contains labels or positions)

In [43]: df.loc['bar':'kar']  # Label
Out[43]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30
kar    7   40  -50
# Generic
In [44]: df.iloc[0:3]
Out[44]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
foo    4   10  100
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30
In [45]: df.loc['bar':'kar']
Out[45]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30
kar    7   40  -50

Ambiguity arises when an index consists of integers with a non-zero start or non-unit increment.

In [46]: data = {'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:         'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:         'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]}
   ....: 
In [47]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(data=data, index=[1, 2, 3, 4])  # Note index starts at 1.
In [48]: df2.iloc[1:3]  # Position-oriented
Out[48]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
2    5   20   50
3    6   30  -30
In [49]: df2.loc[1:3]  # Label-oriented
Out[49]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    4   10  100
2    5   20   50
3    6   30  -30

Using inverse operator (~) to take the complement of a mask

In [50]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 
In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50
In [52]: df[~((df.AAA <= 6) & (df.index.isin([0, 2, 4])))]
Out[52]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    5   20   50
3    7   40  -50

New columns

Efficiently and dynamically creating new columns using applymap

In [53]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [1, 2, 1, 3],
   ....:                    'BBB': [1, 1, 2, 2],
   ....:                    'CCC': [2, 1, 3, 1]})
   ....: 
In [54]: df
Out[54]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    1    1    2
1    2    1    1
2    1    2    3
3    3    2    1
In [55]: source_cols = df.columns   # Or some subset would work too
In [56]: new_cols = [str(x) + "_cat" for x in source_cols]
In [57]: categories = {1: 'Alpha', 2: 'Beta', 3: 'Charlie'}
In [58]: df[new_cols] = df[source_cols].applymap(categories.get)
In [59]: df
Out[59]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC  AAA_cat BBB_cat  CCC_cat
0    1    1    2    Alpha   Alpha     Beta
1    2    1    1     Beta   Alpha    Alpha
2    1    2    3    Alpha    Beta  Charlie
3    3    2    1  Charlie    Beta    Alpha

Keep other columns when using min() with groupby

In [60]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3],
   ....:                    'BBB': [2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]})
   ....: 
In [61]: df
Out[61]: 
   AAA  BBB
0    1    2
1    1    1
2    1    3
3    2    4
4    2    5
5    2    1
6    3    2
7    3    3

Method 1 : idxmin() to get the index of the minimums

In [62]: df.loc[df.groupby("AAA")["BBB"].idxmin()]
Out[62]: 
   AAA  BBB
1    1    1
5    2    1
6    3    2

Method 2 : sort then take first of each

In [63]: df.sort_values(by="BBB").groupby("AAA", as_index=False).first()
Out[63]: 
   AAA  BBB
0    1    1
1    2    1
2    3    2

Notice the same results, with the exception of the index.

MultiIndexing

The multindexing docs.

Creating a MultiIndex from a labeled frame

In [64]: df = pd.DataFrame({'row': [0, 1, 2],
   ....:                    'One_X': [1.1, 1.1, 1.1],
   ....:                    'One_Y': [1.2, 1.2, 1.2],
   ....:                    'Two_X': [1.11, 1.11, 1.11],
   ....:                    'Two_Y': [1.22, 1.22, 1.22]})
   ....: 
In [65]: df
Out[65]: 
   row  One_X  One_Y  Two_X  Two_Y
0    0    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
1    1    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
2    2    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
# As Labelled Index
In [66]: df = df.set_index('row')
In [67]: df
Out[67]: 
     One_X  One_Y  Two_X  Two_Y
row                            
0      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
1      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
2      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
# With Hierarchical Columns
In [68]: df.columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([tuple(c.split('_'))
   ....:                                         for c in df.columns])
   ....: 
In [69]: df
Out[69]: 
     One        Two      
       X    Y     X     Y
row                      
0    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22
1    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22
2    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22
# Now stack & Reset
In [70]: df = df.stack(0).reset_index(1)
In [71]: df
Out[71]: 
    level_1     X     Y
row                    
0       One  1.10  1.20
0       Two  1.11  1.22
1       One  1.10  1.20
1       Two  1.11  1.22
2       One  1.10  1.20
2       Two  1.11  1.22
# And fix the labels (Notice the label 'level_1' got added automatically)
In [72]: df.columns = ['Sample', 'All_X', 'All_Y']
In [73]: df
Out[73]: 
    Sample  All_X  All_Y
row                     
0      One   1.10   1.20
0      Two   1.11   1.22
1      One   1.10   1.20
1      Two   1.11   1.22
2      One   1.10   1.20
2      Two   1.11   1.22

Arithmetic

Performing arithmetic with a MultiIndex that needs broadcasting

In [74]: cols = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([(x, y) for x in ['A', 'B', 'C']
   ....:                                   for y in ['O', 'I']])
   ....: 
In [75]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 6), index=['n', 'm'], columns=cols)
In [76]: df
Out[76]: 
          A                   B                   C          
          O         I         O         I         O         I
n  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632  1.212112 -0.173215
m  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
In [77]: df = df.div(df['C'], level=1)
In [78]: df
Out[78]: 
          A                   B              C     
          O         I         O         I    O    I
n  0.387021  1.633022 -1.244983  6.556214  1.0  1.0
m -0.240860 -0.974279  1.741358 -1.963577  1.0  1.0

Slicing

Slicing a MultiIndex with xs

In [79]: coords = [('AA', 'one'), ('AA', 'six'), ('BB', 'one'), ('BB', 'two'),
   ....:           ('BB', 'six')]
   ....: 
In [80]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(coords)
In [81]: df = pd.DataFrame([11, 22, 33, 44, 55], index, ['MyData'])
In [82]: df
Out[82]: 
        MyData
AA one      11
   six      22
BB one      33
   two      44
   six      55

To take the cross section of the 1st level and 1st axis the index:

# Note : level and axis are optional, and default to zero
In [83]: df.xs('BB', level=0, axis=0)
Out[83]: 
     MyData
one      33
two      44
six      55

…and now the 2nd level of the 1st axis.

In [84]: df.xs('six', level=1, axis=0)
Out[84]: 
    MyData
AA      22
BB      55

Slicing a MultiIndex with xs, method #2

In [85]: import itertools
In [86]: index = list(itertools.product(['Ada', 'Quinn', 'Violet'],
   ....:                                ['Comp', 'Math', 'Sci']))
   ....: 
In [87]: headr = list(itertools.product(['Exams', 'Labs'], ['I', 'II']))
In [88]: indx = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(index, names=['Student', 'Course'])
In [89]: cols = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(headr)   # Notice these are un-named
In [90]: data = [[70 + x + y + (x * y) % 3 for x in range(4)] for y in range(9)]
In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame(data, indx, cols)
In [92]: df
Out[92]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Comp      70  71   72  73
        Math      71  73   75  74
        Sci       72  75   75  75
Quinn   Comp      73  74   75  76
        Math      74  76   78  77
        Sci       75  78   78  78
Violet  Comp      76  77   78  79
        Math      77  79   81  80
        Sci       78  81   81  81
In [93]: All = slice(None)
In [94]: df.loc['Violet']
Out[94]: 
       Exams     Labs    
           I  II    I  II
Course                   
Comp      76  77   78  79
Math      77  79   81  80
Sci       78  81   81  81
In [95]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), All]
Out[95]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Math      71  73   75  74
Quinn   Math      74  76   78  77
Violet  Math      77  79   81  80
In [96]: df.loc[(slice('Ada', 'Quinn'), 'Math'), All]
Out[96]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Math      71  73   75  74
Quinn   Math      74  76   78  77
In [97]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), ('Exams')]
Out[97]: 
                 I  II
Student Course        
Ada     Math    71  73
Quinn   Math    74  76
Violet  Math    77  79
In [98]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), (All, 'II')]
Out[98]: 
               Exams Labs
                  II   II
Student Course           
Ada     Math      73   74
Quinn   Math      76   77
Violet  Math      79   80

Setting portions of a MultiIndex with xs

Sorting

Sort by specific column or an ordered list of columns, with a MultiIndex

In [99]: df.sort_values(by=('Labs', 'II'), ascending=False)
Out[99]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Violet  Sci       78  81   81  81
        Math      77  79   81  80
        Comp      76  77   78  79
Quinn   Sci       75  78   78  78
        Math      74  76   78  77
        Comp      73  74   75  76
Ada     Sci       72  75   75  75
        Math      71  73   75  74
        Comp      70  71   72  73

Partial selection, the need for sortedness;

Levels

Prepending a level to a multiindex

Flatten Hierarchical columns

Missing data

The missing data docs.

Fill forward a reversed timeseries

In [100]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 1),
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2013-08-01', periods=6, freq='B'),
   .....:                   columns=list('A'))
   .....: 
In [101]: df.loc[df.index[3], 'A'] = np.nan
In [102]: df
Out[102]: 
                   A
2013-08-01  0.721555
2013-08-02 -0.706771
2013-08-05 -1.039575
2013-08-06       NaN
2013-08-07 -0.424972
2013-08-08  0.567020
In [103]: df.reindex(df.index[::-1]).ffill()
Out[103]: 
                   A
2013-08-08  0.567020
2013-08-07 -0.424972
2013-08-06 -0.424972
2013-08-05 -1.039575
2013-08-02 -0.706771
2013-08-01  0.721555

cumsum reset at NaN values

Replace

Using replace with backrefs

Grouping

The grouping docs.

Basic grouping with apply

Unlike agg, apply’s callable is passed a sub-DataFrame which gives you access to all the columns

In [104]: df = pd.DataFrame({'animal': 'cat dog cat fish dog cat cat'.split(),
   .....:                    'size': list('SSMMMLL'),
   .....:                    'weight': [8, 10, 11, 1, 20, 12, 12],
   .....:                    'adult': [False] * 5 + [True] * 2})
   .....: 
In [105]: df
Out[105]: 
  animal size  weight  adult
0    cat    S       8  False
1    dog    S      10  False
2    cat    M      11  False
3   fish    M       1  False
4    dog    M      20  False
5    cat    L      12   True
6    cat    L      12   True
# List the size of the animals with the highest weight.
In [106]: df.groupby('animal').apply(lambda subf: subf['size'][subf['weight'].idxmax()])
Out[106]: 
animal
cat     L
dog     M
fish    M
dtype: object

Using get_group

In [107]: gb = df.groupby(['animal'])
In [108]: gb.get_group('cat')
Out[108]: 
  animal size  weight  adult
0    cat    S       8  False
2    cat    M      11  False
5    cat    L      12   True
6    cat    L      12   True

Apply to different items in a group

In [109]: def GrowUp(x):
   .....:     avg_weight = sum(x[x['size'] == 'S'].weight * 1.5)
   .....:     avg_weight += sum(x[x['size'] == 'M'].weight * 1.25)
   .....:     avg_weight += sum(x[x['size'] == 'L'].weight)
   .....:     avg_weight /= len(x)
   .....:     return pd.Series(['L', avg_weight, True],
   .....:                      index=['size', 'weight', 'adult'])
   .....: 
In [110]: expected_df = gb.apply(GrowUp)
In [111]: expected_df
Out[111]: 
       size   weight  adult
animal                     
cat       L  12.4375   True
dog       L  20.0000   True
fish      L   1.2500   True

Expanding apply

In [112]: S = pd.Series([i / 100.0 for i in range(1, 11)])
In [113]: def cum_ret(x, y):
   .....:     return x * (1 + y)
   .....: 
In [114]: def red(x):
   .....:     return functools.reduce(cum_ret, x, 1.0)
   .....: 
In [115]: S.expanding().apply(red, raw=True)
Out[115]: 
0    1.010000
1    1.030200
2    1.061106
3    1.103550
4    1.158728
5    1.228251
6    1.314229
7    1.419367
8    1.547110
9    1.701821
dtype: float64

Replacing some values with mean of the rest of a group

In [116]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 1, 2, 2], 'B': [1, -1, 1, 2]})
In [117]: gb = df.groupby('A')
In [118]: def replace(g):
   .....:     mask = g < 0
   .....:     return g.where(mask, g[~mask].mean())
   .....: 
In [119]: gb.transform(replace)
Out[119]: 
     B
0  1.0
1 -1.0
2  1.5
3  1.5

Sort groups by aggregated data

In [120]: df = pd.DataFrame({'code': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'] * 2,
   .....:                    'data': [0.16, -0.21, 0.33, 0.45, -0.59, 0.62],
   .....:                    'flag': [False, True] * 3})
   .....: 
In [121]: code_groups = df.groupby('code')
In [122]: agg_n_sort_order = code_groups[['data']].transform(sum).sort_values(by='data')
In [123]: sorted_df = df.loc[agg_n_sort_order.index]
In [124]: sorted_df
Out[124]: 
  code  data   flag
1  bar -0.21   True
4  bar -0.59  False
0  foo  0.16  False
3  foo  0.45   True
2  baz  0.33  False
5  baz  0.62   True

Create multiple aggregated columns

In [125]: rng = pd.date_range(start="2014-10-07", periods=10, freq='2min')
In [126]: ts = pd.Series(data=list(range(10)), index=rng)
In [127]: def MyCust(x):
   .....:     if len(x) > 2:
   .....:         return x[1] * 1.234
   .....:     return pd.NaT
   .....: 
In [128]: mhc = {'Mean': np.mean, 'Max': np.max, 'Custom': MyCust}
In [129]: ts.resample("5min").apply(mhc)
Out[129]: 
Mean    2014-10-07 00:00:00        1
        2014-10-07 00:05:00      3.5
        2014-10-07 00:10:00        6
        2014-10-07 00:15:00      8.5
Max     2014-10-07 00:00:00        2
        2014-10-07 00:05:00        4
        2014-10-07 00:10:00        7
        2014-10-07 00:15:00        9
Custom  2014-10-07 00:00:00    1.234
        2014-10-07 00:05:00      NaT
        2014-10-07 00:10:00    7.404
        2014-10-07 00:15:00      NaT
dtype: object
In [130]: ts
Out[130]: 
2014-10-07 00:00:00    0
2014-10-07 00:02:00    1
2014-10-07 00:04:00    2
2014-10-07 00:06:00    3
2014-10-07 00:08:00    4
2014-10-07 00:10:00    5
2014-10-07 00:12:00    6
2014-10-07 00:14:00    7
2014-10-07 00:16:00    8
2014-10-07 00:18:00    9
Freq: 2T, dtype: int64

Create a value counts column and reassign back to the DataFrame

In [131]: df = pd.DataFrame({'Color': 'Red Red Red Blue'.split(),
   .....:                    'Value': [100, 150, 50, 50]})
   .....: 
In [132]: df
Out[132]: 
  Color  Value
0   Red    100
1   Red    150
2   Red     50
3  Blue     50
In [133]: df['Counts'] = df.groupby(['Color']).transform(len)
In [134]: df
Out[134]: 
  Color  Value  Counts
0   Red    100       3
1   Red    150       3
2   Red     50       3
3  Blue     50       1

Shift groups of the values in a column based on the index

In [135]: df = pd.DataFrame({'line_race': [10, 10, 8, 10, 10, 8],
   .....:                    'beyer': [99, 102, 103, 103, 88, 100]},
   .....:                   index=['Last Gunfighter', 'Last Gunfighter',
   .....:                          'Last Gunfighter', 'Paynter', 'Paynter',
   .....:                          'Paynter'])
   .....: 
In [136]: df
Out[136]: 
                 line_race  beyer
Last Gunfighter         10     99
Last Gunfighter         10    102
Last Gunfighter          8    103
Paynter                 10    103
Paynter                 10     88
Paynter                  8    100
In [137]: df['beyer_shifted'] = df.groupby(level=0)['beyer'].shift(1)
In [138]: df
Out[138]: 
                 line_race  beyer  beyer_shifted
Last Gunfighter         10     99            NaN
Last Gunfighter         10    102           99.0
Last Gunfighter          8    103          102.0
Paynter                 10    103            NaN
Paynter                 10     88          103.0
Paynter                  8    100           88.0

Select row with maximum value from each group

In [139]: df = pd.DataFrame({'host': ['other', 'other', 'that', 'this', 'this'],
   .....:                    'service': ['mail', 'web', 'mail', 'mail', 'web'],
   .....:                    'no': [1, 2, 1, 2, 1]}).set_index(['host', 'service'])
   .....: 
In [140]: mask = df.groupby(level=0).agg('idxmax')
In [141]: df_count = df.loc[mask['no']].reset_index()
In [142]: df_count
Out[142]: 
    host service  no
0  other     web   2
1   that    mail   1
2   this    mail   2

Grouping like Python’s itertools.groupby

In [143]: df = pd.DataFrame([0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1], columns=['A'])
In [144]: df.A.groupby((df.A != df.A.shift()).cumsum()).groups
Out[144]: 
{1: Int64Index([0], dtype='int64'),
 2: Int64Index([1], dtype='int64'),
 3: Int64Index([2], dtype='int64'),
 4: Int64Index([3, 4, 5], dtype='int64'),
 5: Int64Index([6], dtype='int64'),
 6: Int64Index([7, 8], dtype='int64')}
In [145]: df.A.groupby((df.A != df.A.shift()).cumsum()).cumsum()
Out[145]: 
0    0
1    1
2    0
3    1
4    2
5    3
6    0
7    1
8    2
Name: A, dtype: int64

Expanding data

Alignment and to-date

Rolling Computation window based on values instead of counts

Rolling Mean by Time Interval

Splitting

Splitting a frame

Create a list of dataframes, split using a delineation based on logic included in rows.

In [146]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Case': ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'A',
   .....:                                  'A'],
   .....:                         'Data': np.random.randn(9)})
   .....: 
In [147]: dfs = list(zip(*df.groupby((1 * (df['Case'] == 'B')).cumsum()
   .....:                .rolling(window=3, min_periods=1).median())))[-1]
   .....: 
In [148]: dfs[0]
Out[148]: 
  Case      Data
0    A  0.276232
1    A -1.087401
2    A -0.673690
3    B  0.113648
In [149]: dfs[1]
Out[149]: 
  Case      Data
4    A -1.478427
5    A  0.524988
6    B  0.404705
In [150]: dfs[2]
Out[150]: 
  Case      Data
7    A  0.577046
8    A -1.715002

Pivot

The Pivot docs.

Partial sums and subtotals

In [151]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Province': ['ON', 'QC', 'BC', 'AL', 'AL', 'MN', 'ON'],
   .....:                         'City': ['Toronto', 'Montreal', 'Vancouver',
   .....:                                  'Calgary', 'Edmonton', 'Winnipeg',
   .....:                                  'Windsor'],
   .....:                         'Sales': [13, 6, 16, 8, 4, 3, 1]})
   .....: 
In [152]: table = pd.pivot_table(df, values=['Sales'], index=['Province'],
   .....:                        columns=['City'], aggfunc=np.sum, margins=True)
   .....: 
In [153]: table.stack('City')
Out[153]: 
                    Sales
Province City            
AL       All         12.0
         Calgary      8.0
         Edmonton     4.0
BC       All         16.0
         Vancouver   16.0
...                   ...
All      Montreal     6.0
         Toronto     13.0
         Vancouver   16.0
         Windsor      1.0
         Winnipeg     3.0
[20 rows x 1 columns]

Frequency table like plyr in R

In [154]: grades = [48, 99, 75, 80, 42, 80, 72, 68, 36, 78]
In [155]: df = pd.DataFrame({'ID': ["x%d" % r for r in range(10)],
   .....:                    'Gender': ['F', 'M', 'F', 'M', 'F',
   .....:                               'M', 'F', 'M', 'M', 'M'],
   .....:                    'ExamYear': ['2007', '2007', '2007', '2008', '2008',
   .....:                                 '2008', '2008', '2009', '2009', '2009'],
   .....:                    'Class': ['algebra', 'stats', 'bio', 'algebra',
   .....:                              'algebra', 'stats', 'stats', 'algebra',
   .....:                              'bio', 'bio'],
   .....:                    'Participated': ['yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'no',
   .....:                                     'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes'],
   .....:                    'Passed': ['yes' if x > 50 else 'no' for x in grades],
   .....:                    'Employed': [True, True, True, False,
   .....:                                 False, False, False, True, True, False],
   .....:                    'Grade': grades})
   .....: 
In [156]: df.groupby('ExamYear').agg({'Participated': lambda x: x.value_counts()['yes'],
   .....:                             'Passed': lambda x: sum(x == 'yes'),
   .....:                             'Employed': lambda x: sum(x),
   .....:                             'Grade': lambda x: sum(x) / len(x)})
   .....: 
Out[156]: 
          Participated  Passed  Employed      Grade
ExamYear                                           
2007                 3       2         3  74.000000
2008                 3       3         0  68.500000
2009                 3       2         2  60.666667

Plot pandas DataFrame with year over year data

To create year and month cross tabulation:

In [157]: df = pd.DataFrame({'value': np.random.randn(36)},
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2011-01-01', freq='M', periods=36))
   .....: 
In [158]: pd.pivot_table(df, index=df.index.month, columns=df.index.year,
   .....:                values='value', aggfunc='sum')
   .....: 
Out[158]: 
        2011      2012      2013
1  -1.039268 -0.968914  2.565646
2  -0.370647 -1.294524  1.431256
3  -1.157892  0.413738  1.340309
4  -1.344312  0.276662 -1.170299
5   0.844885 -0.472035 -0.226169
6   1.075770 -0.013960  0.410835
7  -0.109050 -0.362543  0.813850
8   1.643563 -0.006154  0.132003
9  -1.469388 -0.923061 -0.827317
10  0.357021  0.895717 -0.076467
11 -0.674600  0.805244 -1.187678
12 -1.776904 -1.206412  1.130127

Apply

Rolling apply to organize - Turning embedded lists into a MultiIndex frame

In [159]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'A': [[2, 4, 8, 16], [100, 200], [10, 20, 30]],
   .....:                         'B': [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['jj', 'kk'], ['ccc']]},
   .....:                   index=['I', 'II', 'III'])
   .....: 
In [160]: def SeriesFromSubList(aList):
   .....:     return pd.Series(aList)
   .....: 
In [161]: df_orgz = pd.concat({ind: row.apply(SeriesFromSubList)
   .....:                      for ind, row in df.iterrows()})
   .....: 
In [162]: df_orgz
Out[162]: 
         0    1    2     3
I   A    2    4    8  16.0
    B    a    b    c   NaN
II  A  100  200  NaN   NaN
    B   jj   kk  NaN   NaN
III A   10   20   30   NaN
    B  ccc  NaN  NaN   NaN

Rolling apply with a DataFrame returning a Series

Rolling Apply to multiple columns where function calculates a Series before a Scalar from the Series is returned

In [163]: df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.random.randn(2000, 2) / 10000,
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2001-01-01', periods=2000),
   .....:                   columns=['A', 'B'])
   .....: 
In [164]: df
Out[164]: 
                   A         B
2001-01-01 -0.000144 -0.000141
2001-01-02  0.000161  0.000102
2001-01-03  0.000057  0.000088
2001-01-04 -0.000221  0.000097
2001-01-05 -0.000201 -0.000041
...              ...       ...
2006-06-19  0.000040 -0.000235
2006-06-20 -0.000123 -0.000021
2006-06-21 -0.000113  0.000114
2006-06-22  0.000136  0.000109
2006-06-23  0.000027  0.000030
[2000 rows x 2 columns]
In [165]: def gm(df, const):
   .....:     v = ((((df.A + df.B) + 1).cumprod()) - 1) * const
   .....:     return v.iloc[-1]
   .....: 
In [166]: s = pd.Series({df.index[i]: gm(df.iloc[i:min(i + 51, len(df) - 1)], 5)
   .....:                for i in range(len(df) - 50)})
   .....: 
In [167]: s
Out[167]: 
2001-01-01    0.000930
2001-01-02    0.002615
2001-01-03    0.001281
2001-01-04    0.001117
2001-01-05    0.002772
                ...   
2006-04-30    0.003296
2006-05-01    0.002629
2006-05-02    0.002081
2006-05-03    0.004247
2006-05-04    0.003928
Length: 1950, dtype: float64

Rolling apply with a DataFrame returning a Scalar

Rolling Apply to multiple columns where function returns a Scalar (Volume Weighted Average Price)

In [168]: rng = pd.date_range(start='2014-01-01', periods=100)
In [169]: df = pd.DataFrame({'Open': np.random.randn(len(rng)),
   .....:                    'Close': np.random.randn(len(rng)),
   .....:                    'Volume': np.random.randint(100, 2000, len(rng))},
   .....:                   index=rng)
   .....: 
In [170]: df
Out[170]: 
                Open     Close  Volume
2014-01-01 -1.611353 -0.492885    1219
2014-01-02 -3.000951  0.445794    1054
2014-01-03 -0.138359 -0.076081    1381
2014-01-04  0.301568  1.198259    1253
2014-01-05  0.276381 -0.669831    1728
...              ...       ...     ...
2014-04-06 -0.040338  0.937843    1188
2014-04-07  0.359661 -0.285908    1864
2014-04-08  0.060978  1.714814     941
2014-04-09  1.759055 -0.455942    1065
2014-04-10  0.138185 -1.147008    1453
[100 rows x 3 columns]
In [171]: def vwap(bars):
   .....:     return ((bars.Close * bars.Volume).sum() / bars.Volume.sum())
   .....: 
In [172]: window = 5
In [173]: s = pd.concat([(pd.Series(vwap(df.iloc[i:i + window]),
   .....:                 index=[df.index[i + window]]))
   .....:                for i in range(len(df) - window)])
   .....: 
In [174]: s.round(2)
Out[174]: 
2014-01-06    0.02
2014-01-07    0.11
2014-01-08    0.10
2014-01-09    0.07
2014-01-10   -0.29
              ... 
2014-04-06   -0.63
2014-04-07   -0.02
2014-04-08   -0.03
2014-04-09    0.34
2014-04-10    0.29
Length: 95, dtype: float64

Timeseries

Between times

Using indexer between time

Constructing a datetime range that excludes weekends and includes only certain times

Vectorized Lookup

Aggregation and plotting time series

Turn a matrix with hours in columns and days in rows into a continuous row sequence in the form of a time series. How to rearrange a Python pandas DataFrame?

Dealing with duplicates when reindexing a timeseries to a specified frequency

Calculate the first day of the month for each entry in a DatetimeIndex

In [175]: dates = pd.date_range('2000-01-01', periods=5)
In [176]: dates.to_period(freq='M').to_timestamp()
Out[176]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2000-01-01', '2000-01-01', '2000-01-01', '2000-01-01',
               '2000-01-01'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

Resampling

The Resample docs.

Using Grouper instead of TimeGrouper for time grouping of values

Time grouping with some missing values

Valid frequency arguments to Grouper

Grouping using a MultiIndex

Using TimeGrouper and another grouping to create subgroups, then apply a custom function

Resampling with custom periods

Resample intraday frame without adding new days

Resample minute data

Resample with groupby

Merge

The Concat docs. The Join docs.

Append two dataframes with overlapping index (emulate R rbind)

In [177]: rng = pd.date_range('2000-01-01', periods=6)
In [178]: df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 3), index=rng, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])
In [179]: df2 = df1.copy()

Depending on df construction, ignore_index may be needed

In [180]: df = df1.append(df2, ignore_index=True)
In [181]: df
Out[181]: 
           A         B         C
0  -0.870117 -0.479265 -0.790855
1   0.144817  1.726395 -0.464535
2  -0.821906  1.597605  0.187307
3  -0.128342 -1.511638 -0.289858
4   0.399194 -1.430030 -0.639760
5   1.115116 -2.012600  1.810662
6  -0.870117 -0.479265 -0.790855
7   0.144817  1.726395 -0.464535
8  -0.821906  1.597605  0.187307
9  -0.128342 -1.511638 -0.289858
10  0.399194 -1.430030 -0.639760
11  1.115116 -2.012600  1.810662

Self Join of a DataFrame

In [182]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Area': ['A'] * 5 + ['C'] * 2,
   .....:                         'Bins': [110] * 2 + [160] * 3 + [40] * 2,
   .....:                         'Test_0': [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1],
   .....:                         'Data': np.random.randn(7)})
   .....: 
In [183]: df
Out[183]: 
  Area  Bins  Test_0      Data
0    A   110       0 -0.433937
1    A   110       1 -0.160552
2    A   160       0  0.744434
3    A   160       1  1.754213
4    A   160       2  0.000850
5    C    40       0  0.342243
6    C    40       1  1.070599
In [184]: df['Test_1'] = df['Test_0'] - 1
In [185]: pd.merge(df, df, left_on=['Bins', 'Area', 'Test_0'],
   .....:          right_on=['Bins', 'Area', 'Test_1'],
   .....:          suffixes=('_L', '_R'))
   .....: 
Out[185]: 
  Area  Bins  Test_0_L    Data_L  Test_1_L  Test_0_R    Data_R  Test_1_R
0    A   110         0 -0.433937        -1         1 -0.160552         0
1    A   160         0  0.744434        -1         1  1.754213         0
2    A   160         1  1.754213         0         2  0.000850         1
3    C    40         0  0.342243        -1         1  1.070599         0

How to set the index and join

KDB like asof join

Join with a criteria based on the values

Using searchsorted to merge based on values inside a range

Plotting

The Plotting docs.

Make Matplotlib look like R

Setting x-axis major and minor labels

Plotting multiple charts in an ipython notebook

Creating a multi-line plot

Plotting a heatmap

Annotate a time-series plot

Annotate a time-series plot #2

Generate Embedded plots in excel files using Pandas, Vincent and xlsxwriter

Boxplot for each quartile of a stratifying variable

In [186]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {'stratifying_var': np.random.uniform(0, 100, 20),
   .....:      'price': np.random.normal(100, 5, 20)})
   .....: 
In [187]: df['quartiles'] = pd.qcut(
   .....:     df['stratifying_var'],
   .....:     4,
   .....:     labels=['0-25%', '25-50%', '50-75%', '75-100%'])
   .....: 
In [188]: df.boxplot(column='price', by='quartiles')
Out[188]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f65f77e6470>

quartile_boxplot

Data In/Out

Performance comparison of SQL vs HDF5

CSV

The CSV docs

read_csv in action

appending to a csv

Reading a csv chunk-by-chunk

Reading only certain rows of a csv chunk-by-chunk

Reading the first few lines of a frame

Reading a file that is compressed but not by gzip/bz2 (the native compressed formats which read_csv understands). This example shows a WinZipped file, but is a general application of opening the file within a context manager and using that handle to read. See here

Inferring dtypes from a file

Dealing with bad lines

Dealing with bad lines II

Reading CSV with Unix timestamps and converting to local timezone

Write a multi-row index CSV without writing duplicates

Reading multiple files to create a single DataFrame

The best way to combine multiple files into a single DataFrame is to read the individual frames one by one, put all of the individual frames into a list, and then combine the frames in the list using pd.concat():

In [189]: for i in range(3):
   .....:     data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
   .....:     data.to_csv('file_{}.csv'.format(i))
   .....: 
In [190]: files = ['file_0.csv', 'file_1.csv', 'file_2.csv']
In [191]: result = pd.concat([pd.read_csv(f) for f in files], ignore_index=True)

You can use the same approach to read all files matching a pattern. Here is an example using glob:

In [192]: import glob
In [193]: import os
In [194]: files = glob.glob('file_*.csv')
In [195]: result = pd.concat([pd.read_csv(f) for f in files], ignore_index=True)

Finally, this strategy will work with the other pd.read_*(...) functions described in the io docs.

Parsing date components in multi-columns

Parsing date components in multi-columns is faster with a format

In [196]: i = pd.date_range('20000101', periods=10000)
In [197]: df = pd.DataFrame({'year': i.year, 'month': i.month, 'day': i.day})
In [198]: df.head()
Out[198]: 
   year  month  day
0  2000      1    1
1  2000      1    2
2  2000      1    3
3  2000      1    4
4  2000      1    5
In [199]: %timeit pd.to_datetime(df.year * 10000 + df.month * 100 + df.day, format='%Y%m%d')
   .....: ds = df.apply(lambda x: "%04d%02d%02d" % (x['year'],
   .....:                                           x['month'], x['day']), axis=1)
   .....: ds.head()
   .....: %timeit pd.to_datetime(ds)
   .....: 
9.36 ms +- 106 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
2.88 ms +- 34.5 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Skip row between header and data

In [200]: data = """;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....: ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....: ;;;;
   .....: date;Param1;Param2;Param4;Param5
   .....:     ;m²;°C;m²;m
   .....: ;;;;
   .....: 01.01.1990 00:00;1;1;2;3
   .....: 01.01.1990 01:00;5;3;4;5
   .....: 01.01.1990 02:00;9;5;6;7
   .....: 01.01.1990 03:00;13;7;8;9
   .....: 01.01.1990 04:00;17;9;10;11
   .....: 01.01.1990 05:00;21;11;12;13
   .....: """
   .....:

Option 1: pass rows explicitly to skip rows

In [201]: from io import StringIO
In [202]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', skiprows=[11, 12],
   .....:             index_col=0, parse_dates=True, header=10)
   .....: 
Out[202]: 
                     Param1  Param2  Param4  Param5
date                                               
1990-01-01 00:00:00       1       1       2       3
1990-01-01 01:00:00       5       3       4       5
1990-01-01 02:00:00       9       5       6       7
1990-01-01 03:00:00      13       7       8       9
1990-01-01 04:00:00      17       9      10      11
1990-01-01 05:00:00      21      11      12      13

Option 2: read column names and then data

In [203]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', header=10, nrows=10).columns
Out[203]: Index(['date', 'Param1', 'Param2', 'Param4', 'Param5'], dtype='object')
In [204]: columns = pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', header=10, nrows=10).columns
In [205]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', index_col=0,
   .....:             header=12, parse_dates=True, names=columns)
   .....: 
Out[205]: 
                     Param1  Param2  Param4  Param5
date                                               
1990-01-01 00:00:00       1       1       2       3
1990-01-01 01:00:00       5       3       4       5
1990-01-01 02:00:00       9       5       6       7
1990-01-01 03:00:00      13       7       8       9
1990-01-01 04:00:00      17       9      10      11
1990-01-01 05:00:00      21      11      12      13

SQL

The SQL docs

Reading from databases with SQL

Excel

The Excel docs

Reading from a filelike handle

Modifying formatting in XlsxWriter output

HTML

Reading HTML tables from a server that cannot handle the default request header

HDFStore

The HDFStores docs

Simple queries with a Timestamp Index

Managing heterogeneous data using a linked multiple table hierarchy

Merging on-disk tables with millions of rows

Avoiding inconsistencies when writing to a store from multiple processes/threads

De-duplicating a large store by chunks, essentially a recursive reduction operation. Shows a function for taking in data from csv file and creating a store by chunks, with date parsing as well. See here

Creating a store chunk-by-chunk from a csv file

Appending to a store, while creating a unique index

Large Data work flows

Reading in a sequence of files, then providing a global unique index to a store while appending

Groupby on a HDFStore with low group density

Groupby on a HDFStore with high group density

Hierarchical queries on a HDFStore

Counting with a HDFStore

Troubleshoot HDFStore exceptions

Setting min_itemsize with strings

Using ptrepack to create a completely-sorted-index on a store

Storing Attributes to a group node

In [206]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 3))
In [207]: store = pd.HDFStore('test.h5')
In [208]: store.put('df', df)
# you can store an arbitrary Python object via pickle
In [209]: store.get_storer('df').attrs.my_attribute = {'A': 10}
In [210]: store.get_storer('df').attrs.my_attribute
Out[210]: {'A': 10}

Binary files

pandas readily accepts NumPy record arrays, if you need to read in a binary file consisting of an array of C structs. For example, given this C program in a file called main.c compiled with gcc main.c -std=gnu99 on a 64-bit machine,

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
typedef struct _Data
{
    int32_t count;
    double avg;
    float scale;
} Data;
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    size_t n = 10;
    Data d[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        d[i].count = i;
        d[i].avg = i + 1.0;
        d[i].scale = (float) i + 2.0f;
    }
    FILE *file = fopen("binary.dat", "wb");
    fwrite(&d, sizeof(Data), n, file);
    fclose(file);
    return 0;
}

the following Python code will read the binary file 'binary.dat' into a pandas DataFrame, where each element of the struct corresponds to a column in the frame:

names = 'count', 'avg', 'scale'
# note that the offsets are larger than the size of the type because of
# struct padding
offsets = 0, 8, 16
formats = 'i4', 'f8', 'f4'
dt = np.dtype({'names': names, 'offsets': offsets, 'formats': formats},
              align=True)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.fromfile('binary.dat', dt))

::: tip Note

The offsets of the structure elements may be different depending on the architecture of the machine on which the file was created. Using a raw binary file format like this for general data storage is not recommended, as it is not cross platform. We recommended either HDF5 or msgpack, both of which are supported by pandas’ IO facilities.

:::

Computation

Numerical integration (sample-based) of a time series

Correlation

Often it’s useful to obtain the lower (or upper) triangular form of a correlation matrix calculated from DataFrame.corr(). This can be achieved by passing a boolean mask to where as follows:

In [211]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random(size=(100, 5)))
In [212]: corr_mat = df.corr()
In [213]: mask = np.tril(np.ones_like(corr_mat, dtype=np.bool), k=-1)
In [214]: corr_mat.where(mask)
Out[214]: 
          0         1         2         3   4
0       NaN       NaN       NaN       NaN NaN
1 -0.018923       NaN       NaN       NaN NaN
2 -0.076296 -0.012464       NaN       NaN NaN
3 -0.169941 -0.289416  0.076462       NaN NaN
4  0.064326  0.018759 -0.084140 -0.079859 NaN

The method argument within DataFrame.corr can accept a callable in addition to the named correlation types. Here we compute the distance correlation matrix for a DataFrame object.

In [215]: def distcorr(x, y):
   .....:     n = len(x)
   .....:     a = np.zeros(shape=(n, n))
   .....:     b = np.zeros(shape=(n, n))
   .....:     for i in range(n):
   .....:         for j in range(i + 1, n):
   .....:             a[i, j] = abs(x[i] - x[j])
   .....:             b[i, j] = abs(y[i] - y[j])
   .....:     a += a.T
   .....:     b += b.T
   .....:     a_bar = np.vstack([np.nanmean(a, axis=0)] * n)
   .....:     b_bar = np.vstack([np.nanmean(b, axis=0)] * n)
   .....:     A = a - a_bar - a_bar.T + np.full(shape=(n, n), fill_value=a_bar.mean())
   .....:     B = b - b_bar - b_bar.T + np.full(shape=(n, n), fill_value=b_bar.mean())
   .....:     cov_ab = np.sqrt(np.nansum(A * B)) / n
   .....:     std_a = np.sqrt(np.sqrt(np.nansum(A**2)) / n)
   .....:     std_b = np.sqrt(np.sqrt(np.nansum(B**2)) / n)
   .....:     return cov_ab / std_a / std_b
   .....: 
In [216]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.normal(size=(100, 3)))
In [217]: df.corr(method=distcorr)
Out[217]: 
          0         1         2
0  1.000000  0.199653  0.214871
1  0.199653  1.000000  0.195116
2  0.214871  0.195116  1.000000

Timedeltas

The Timedeltas docs.

Using timedeltas

In [218]: import datetime
In [219]: s = pd.Series(pd.date_range('2012-1-1', periods=3, freq='D'))
In [220]: s - s.max()
Out[220]: 
0   -2 days
1   -1 days
2    0 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]
In [221]: s.max() - s
Out[221]: 
0   2 days
1   1 days
2   0 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]
In [222]: s - datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 3, 5)
Out[222]: 
0   364 days 20:55:00
1   365 days 20:55:00
2   366 days 20:55:00
dtype: timedelta64[ns]
In [223]: s + datetime.timedelta(minutes=5)
Out[223]: 
0   2012-01-01 00:05:00
1   2012-01-02 00:05:00
2   2012-01-03 00:05:00
dtype: datetime64[ns]
In [224]: datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 3, 5) - s
Out[224]: 
0   -365 days +03:05:00
1   -366 days +03:05:00
2   -367 days +03:05:00
dtype: timedelta64[ns]
In [225]: datetime.timedelta(minutes=5) + s
Out[225]: 
0   2012-01-01 00:05:00
1   2012-01-02 00:05:00
2   2012-01-03 00:05:00
dtype: datetime64[ns]

Adding and subtracting deltas and dates

In [226]: deltas = pd.Series([datetime.timedelta(days=i) for i in range(3)])
In [227]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': s, 'B': deltas})
In [228]: df
Out[228]: 
           A      B
0 2012-01-01 0 days
1 2012-01-02 1 days
2 2012-01-03 2 days
In [229]: df['New Dates'] = df['A'] + df['B']
In [230]: df['Delta'] = df['A'] - df['New Dates']
In [231]: df
Out[231]: 
           A      B  New Dates   Delta
0 2012-01-01 0 days 2012-01-01  0 days
1 2012-01-02 1 days 2012-01-03 -1 days
2 2012-01-03 2 days 2012-01-05 -2 days
In [232]: df.dtypes
Out[232]: 
A             datetime64[ns]
B            timedelta64[ns]
New Dates     datetime64[ns]
Delta        timedelta64[ns]
dtype: object

Another example

Values can be set to NaT using np.nan, similar to datetime

In [233]: y = s - s.shift()
In [234]: y
Out[234]: 
0      NaT
1   1 days
2   1 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]
In [235]: y[1] = np.nan
In [236]: y
Out[236]: 
0      NaT
1      NaT
2   1 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

Aliasing axis names

To globally provide aliases for axis names, one can define these 2 functions:

In [237]: def set_axis_alias(cls, axis, alias):
   .....:     if axis not in cls._AXIS_NUMBERS:
   .....:         raise Exception("invalid axis [%s] for alias [%s]" % (axis, alias))
   .....:     cls._AXIS_ALIASES[alias] = axis
   .....:

In [238]: def clear_axis_alias(cls, axis, alias):
   .....:     if axis not in cls._AXIS_NUMBERS:
   .....:         raise Exception("invalid axis [%s] for alias [%s]" % (axis, alias))
   .....:     cls._AXIS_ALIASES.pop(alias, None)
   .....:

In [239]: set_axis_alias(pd.DataFrame, 'columns', 'myaxis2')
In [240]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(3, 2), columns=['c1', 'c2'],
   .....:                    index=['i1', 'i2', 'i3'])
   .....: 
In [241]: df2.sum(axis='myaxis2')
Out[241]: 
i1   -0.461013
i2    2.040016
i3    0.904681
dtype: float64
In [242]: clear_axis_alias(pd.DataFrame, 'columns', 'myaxis2')

Creating example data

To create a dataframe from every combination of some given values, like R’s expand.grid() function, we can create a dict where the keys are column names and the values are lists of the data values:

In [243]: def expand_grid(data_dict):
   .....:     rows = itertools.product(*data_dict.values())
   .....:     return pd.DataFrame.from_records(rows, columns=data_dict.keys())
   .....: 
In [244]: df = expand_grid({'height': [60, 70],
   .....:                   'weight': [100, 140, 180],
   .....:                   'sex': ['Male', 'Female']})
   .....: 
In [245]: df
Out[245]: 
    height  weight     sex
0       60     100    Male
1       60     100  Female
2       60     140    Male
3       60     140  Female
4       60     180    Male
5       60     180  Female
6       70     100    Male
7       70     100  Female
8       70     140    Male
9       70     140  Female
10      70     180    Male
11      70     180  Female