在使用之前我们需要先搭建Nacos和Sentinel,再准备一个被调用的服务,使用之前的nacos-user-service即可。
首先从官网下载Nacos,这里下载的是nacos-server-1.3.0.zip文件,下载地址:github.com/alibaba/nac…
- 解压安装包到指定目录,直接运行bin目录下的startup.cmd,运行成功后访问Nacos,账号密码均为nacos,访问地址:http://localhost:8848/nacos
- 接下来从官网下载Sentinel,这里下载的是sentinel-dashboard-1.6.3.jar文件,下载地址:github.com/alibaba/Sen…
下载完成后输入如下命令运行Sentinel控制台;
java -jar sentinel-dashboard-1.6.3.jar
Sentinel控制台默认运行在8080端口上,登录账号密码均为sentinel,通过如下地址可以进行访问:http://localhost:8080
接下来启动nacos-user-service服务,该服务中包含了对User对象的CRUD操作接口,启动成功后它将会在Nacos中注册。 ```go /**
Created by macro on 2019/8/29. */ @RestController @RequestMapping(“/user”) public class UserController {
private Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Autowired private UserService userService;
@PostMapping(“/create”) public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
userService.create(user);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
@GetMapping(“/{id}”) public CommonResult
getUser(@PathVariable Long id) { User user = userService.getUser(id);
LOGGER.info("根据id获取用户信息,用户名称为:{}",user.getUsername());
return new CommonResult<>(user);
}
@GetMapping(“/getUserByIds”) public CommonResult
- > getUserByIds(@RequestParam List
ids) { List<User> userList= userService.getUserByIds(ids);
LOGGER.info("根据ids获取用户信息,用户列表为:{}",userList);
return new CommonResult<>(userList);
}
@GetMapping(“/getByUsername”) public CommonResult
getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) { User user = userService.getByUsername(username);
return new CommonResult<>(user);
}
@PostMapping(“/update”) public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
userService.update(user);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
@PostMapping(“/delete/{id}”) public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
} }
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## 使用
接下来我们来介绍下Retrofit的基本使用,包括服务间调用、服务限流和熔断降级。
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### 集成与配置
- 首先在pom.xml中添加Nacos、Sentinel和Retrofit相关依赖;
```go
<dependencies>
<!--Nacos注册中心依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--Sentinel依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-sentinel</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--Retrofit依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.github.lianjiatech</groupId>
<artifactId>retrofit-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>2.2.18</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
然后在application.yml中对Nacos、Sentinel和Retrofit进行配置,Retrofit配置下日志和开启熔断降级即可;
server:
port: 8402
spring:
application:
name: nacos-retrofit-service
cloud:
nacos:
discovery:
server-addr: localhost:8848 #配置Nacos地址
sentinel:
transport:
dashboard: localhost:8080 #配置sentinel dashboard地址
port: 8719
retrofit:
log:
# 启用日志打印
enable: true
# 日志打印拦截器
logging-interceptor: com.github.lianjiatech.retrofit.spring.boot.interceptor.DefaultLoggingInterceptor
# 全局日志打印级别
global-log-level: info
# 全局日志打印策略
global-log-strategy: body
# 熔断降级配置
degrade:
# 是否启用熔断降级
enable: true
# 熔断降级实现方式
degrade-type: sentinel
# 熔断资源名称解析器
resource-name-parser: com.github.lianjiatech.retrofit.spring.boot.degrade.DefaultResourceNameParser
再添加一个Retrofit的Java配置,配置好选择服务实例的Bean即可。 ```go /**
- Retrofit相关配置
Created by macro on 2022/1/26. */ @Configuration public class RetrofitConfig {
@Bean @Autowired public ServiceInstanceChooser serviceInstanceChooser(LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient) {
return new SpringCloudServiceInstanceChooser(loadBalancerClient);
} }
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### 服务间调用
- 使用Retrofit实现微服务间调用非常简单,直接使用@RetrofitClient注解,通过设置serviceId为需要调用服务的ID即可;
```go
/**
* 定义Http接口,用于调用远程的User服务
* Created by macro on 2019/9/5.
*/
@RetrofitClient(serviceId = "nacos-user-service", fallback = UserFallbackService.class)
public interface UserService {
@POST("/user/create")
CommonResult create(@Body User user);
@GET("/user/{id}")
CommonResult<User> getUser(@Path("id") Long id);
@GET("/user/getByUsername")
CommonResult<User> getByUsername(@Query("username") String username);
@POST("/user/update")
CommonResult update(@Body User user);
@POST("/user/delete/{id}")
CommonResult delete(@Path("id") Long id);
}
- 我们可以启动2个nacos-user-service服务和1个nacos-retrofit-service服务,此时Nacos注册中心显示如下;
- 然后通过Swagger进行测试,调用下获取用户详情的接口,发现可以成功返回远程数据,访问地址:http://localhost:8402/swagger-ui/
- 查看nacos-retrofit-service服务打印的日志,两个实例的请求调用交替打印,我们可以发现Retrofit通过配置serviceId即可实现微服务间调用和负载均衡。
服务限流
Retrofit的限流功能基本依赖Sentinel,和直接使用Sentinel并无区别,我们创建一个测试类RateLimitController来试下它的限流功能; ```go /**
- 限流功能
Created by macro on 2019/11/7. */ @Api(tags = “RateLimitController”,description = “限流功能”) @RestController @RequestMapping(“/rateLimit”) public class RateLimitController {
@ApiOperation(“按资源名称限流,需要指定限流处理逻辑”) @GetMapping(“/byResource”) @SentinelResource(value = “byResource”,blockHandler = “handleException”) public CommonResult byResource() {
return new CommonResult("按资源名称限流", 200);
}
@ApiOperation(“按URL限流,有默认的限流处理逻辑”) @GetMapping(“/byUrl”) @SentinelResource(value = “byUrl”,blockHandler = “handleException”) public CommonResult byUrl() {
return new CommonResult("按url限流", 200);
}
@ApiOperation(“自定义通用的限流处理逻辑”) @GetMapping(“/customBlockHandler”) @SentinelResource(value = “customBlockHandler”, blockHandler = “handleException”,blockHandlerClass = CustomBlockHandler.class) public CommonResult blockHandler() {
return new CommonResult("限流成功", 200);
}
public CommonResult handleException(BlockException exception){
return new CommonResult(exception.getClass().getCanonicalName(),200);
}
}
- 接下来在Sentinel控制台创建一个根据资源名称进行限流的规则;
![](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/webp/317882/1644990146007-daf0fcef-daf7-41f4-ad2d-6f64b0a07388.webp#clientId=uedd87311-e399-4&crop=0&crop=0&crop=1&crop=1&from=paste&id=uc996c917&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&originHeight=733&originWidth=1205&originalType=url&ratio=1&rotation=0&showTitle=false&status=done&style=none&taskId=ua80bcc22-dd77-4a93-b318-e1664495d4f&title=)
- 之后我们以较快速度访问该接口时,就会触发限流,返回如下信息。
![](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/webp/317882/1644990146025-118ce681-da59-42e2-a80a-9aa85423c58e.webp#clientId=uedd87311-e399-4&crop=0&crop=0&crop=1&crop=1&from=paste&id=u7d0a3d2e&margin=%5Bobject%20Object%5D&originHeight=807&originWidth=1174&originalType=url&ratio=1&rotation=0&showTitle=false&status=done&style=none&taskId=u880b780a-5782-4f88-b8af-1214a0c86e9&title=)
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### 熔断降级
- Retrofit的熔断降级功能也基本依赖于Sentinel,我们创建一个测试类CircleBreakerController来试下它的熔断降级功能;
```go
/**
* 熔断降级
* Created by macro on 2019/11/7.
*/
@Api(tags = "CircleBreakerController",description = "熔断降级")
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/breaker")
public class CircleBreakerController {
private Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CircleBreakerController.class);
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@ApiOperation("熔断降级")
@RequestMapping(value = "/fallback/{id}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
@SentinelResource(value = "fallback",fallback = "handleFallback")
public CommonResult fallback(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id);
}
@ApiOperation("忽略异常进行熔断降级")
@RequestMapping(value = "/fallbackException/{id}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
@SentinelResource(value = "fallbackException",fallback = "handleFallback2", exceptionsToIgnore = {NullPointerException.class})
public CommonResult fallbackException(@PathVariable Long id) {
if (id == 1) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (id == 2) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
return userService.getUser(id);
}
public CommonResult handleFallback(Long id) {
User defaultUser = new User(-1L, "defaultUser", "123456");
return new CommonResult<>(defaultUser,"服务降级返回",200);
}
public CommonResult handleFallback2(@PathVariable Long id, Throwable e) {
LOGGER.error("handleFallback2 id:{},throwable class:{}", id, e.getClass());
User defaultUser = new User(-2L, "defaultUser2", "123456");
return new CommonResult<>(defaultUser,"服务降级返回",200);
}
}
- 由于我们并没有在nacos-user-service中定义id为4的用户,调用过程中会产生异常,所以访问如下接口会返回服务降级结果,返回我们默认的用户信息。
总结
Retrofit给了我们除Feign和Dubbo之外的第三种微服务间调用选择,使用起来还是非常方便的。记得之前在使用Feign的过程中,实现方的Controller经常要抽出一个接口来,方便调用方来实现调用,接口实现方和调用方的耦合度很高。如果当时使用的是Retrofit的话,这种情况会大大改善。总的来说,Retrofit给我们提供了更加优雅的HTTP调用方式,不仅是在单体应用中,在微服务应用中也一样!