环境背景:

下载镜像

docker pull mysql/mysql-server:5.7

启动

docker run -d -p3306:3306 --name mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=mypasswd mysql/mysql-server:5.7 --character-set-server=utf8 --collation-server=utf8_general_ci

查看密码

docker logs mysql|grep PASSWORD
[Entrypoint] GENERATED ROOT PASSWORD: QOLSexup)4xAPYK$aDOccELegOJ

进入数据库更新密码

docker exec -it mysql mysql -uroot -p
alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'rootmysqlpasswd';
或者
set password for 'root'@'localhost'=PASSWORD('rootmysqlpasswd');

授权账号

grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by "rootpasswd";
flush privileges;

查看容器IP信息

docker inspect mysql|jq
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.4",

安装一个mysql客户端

yum install mysql -y

测试连接容器mysql

mysql -uroot -p -h172.17.0.4

建立几条测试数据

create database mytestdb;
use mytestdb;
create table table1 (id int not null auto_increment primary key,name char(32));
insert into table1 values (1,"zhangsan");
insert into table1 values (2,"lisi");

查看mysql容器存储路径

[root@kafka1 ~]# docker inspect mysql1|jq  '.[].Mounts'
[
  {
    "Type": "volume",
    "Name": "3b10d8865099277040989c1465cadb43cbd20a47d7c2115834f01537926a1725",
    "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/3b10d8865099277040989c1465cadb43cbd20a47d7c2115834f01537926a1725/_data",
    "Destination": "/var/lib/mysql",
    "Driver": "local",
    "Mode": "",
    "RW": true,
    "Propagation": ""
  }
]

Destination 容器内部存储路径：/var/lib/docker/volumes/3b10d8865099277040989c1465cadb43cbd20a47d7c2115834f01537926a1725/_data
Source 宿主机路径：/var/lib/mysql

docker run -v "/opt/docker/mysql/data/":/var/lib/mysql -p3306:3306 --name mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=mypasswd mysql/mysql-server:5.7

docker exec some-mysql sh -c 'exec mysqldump --all-databases -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"' > /some/path/on/your/host/all-databases.sql

docker exec -i some-mysql sh -c 'exec mysql -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"' < /some/path/on/your/host/all-databases.sql

下面高版本docker服务用的
官方推荐持久化启动命令

docker run --name=mysql1 \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/my.cnf,dst=/etc/my.cnf \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/datadir,dst=/var/lib/mysql \
-d mysql/mysql-server:tag
mkdir -p /opt/docker/mysql/etc/
mkdir -p /opt/docker/mysql/data/
docker cp mysql1:/etc/my.cnf /opt/docker/mysql/etc/
docker cp mysql1:/etc/my.cnf.d /opt/docker/mysql/etc/
docker cp mysql1:/var/lib/mysql /opt/docker/mysql/data/
docker stop mysql1
docker rm mysql1