Cecilia Chiang, whose San Francisco restaurant, the Mandarin, introduced American diners in the 1960s to the richness and variety of authentic Chinese cuisine, died on Wednesday at her home in San Francisco. She was 100.
    江孙芸(Cecilia Chiang)于周三在旧金山家中去世，享年100岁。上世纪60年代，她在旧金山创办的福禄寿餐厅(Mandarin)向美国食客介绍了丰富多样的地道中餐。

    • richness n.丰富；富裕；肥沃；华美
    • variety n.多样；种类；杂耍；变化，多样化
    • authentic adj.真正的，真实的；可信的
    • cuisine n.烹饪，烹调法

    The Mandarin, which opened in 1962 as a 65-seat restaurant on Polk Street in the Russian Hill section and later operated on Ghirardelli Square, near Fisherman’s Wharf, offered patrons unheard-of specialties at the time, like potstickers, Chongqing-style spicy dry-shredded beef, peppery Sichuan eggplant, moo shu pork, sizzling rice soup and glacéed bananas.
    福禄寿餐厅于1962年开业，当时店里有65个座位，位于俄罗斯山街区的波尔克街，后来又搬到渔人码头附近的哥拉德利广场，它供应了当时人们闻所未闻的特色菜，比如锅贴、重庆风味的香辣牛肉干、四川辣茄子、木须肉、锅巴汤和拔丝香蕉。

    • wharf n.码头；停泊处 v.靠码头；为…建码头；把货卸在码头
    • patrons n.赞助人；老顾客；庇护人
    • potstickers 锅贴；煎饺
    • peppery adj.辛辣的；胡椒味的；暴躁的
    • eggplant n.茄子 adj.深紫色的

    This was traditional Mandarin cooking, a catchall term for the dining style of the well-to-do in Beijing, where family chefs prepared local dishes as well as regional specialties from Sichuan, Shanghai and Canton.
    这就是典型的福禄寿式烹饪，是对北京富庶阶层用餐风格的总称，他们的家庭厨师会制作本地菜肴，以及来自四川、上海和广东的地方特色菜。

    • catchall term 通用术语
    • the well-to-do 小康；有钱人家；富裕的人
    • prepared adj.准备好的 v.准备
    • regional adj.地区的；局部的；整个地区的

    The Ming-era palace in which she grew up occupied an entire block in Beijing, where the Chiangs moved in the mid-1920s. Children were not allowed in the kitchen, but she paid close attention on trips to the food markets with her mother and listened carefully as detailed instructions were issued to the cooks.
    她从小生活的明朝宫殿占据了北京整整一个街区，他们在20世纪20年代中期搬到了这里。孩子们是不允许进厨房的，但她和母亲去菜市场的时候都很注意，并认真听她交代厨师们的话。

    • occupied adj.已占有的；使用中的；无空闲的 v.占有
    • detailed instructions 详细说明

    Ms. Chiang sailed to San Francisco in 1960 to help her sister Sun, whose husband had just died. There she met two Chinese acquaintances from Tokyo, women who had recently emigrated to the United States and who wanted to open a restaurant. Ms. Chiang agreed to put up $10,000 as a deposit on a store they had found, on Polk Street, far from the city’s Chinatown.
    1960年，江孙芸乘船前往旧金山，帮助丈夫刚去世的姐姐。在那里，她遇到了两位从东京来的中国熟人，她们最近移民到美国，想开一家餐厅。江孙芸同意拿出1万美元，作为她们在波尔克街找到的一家商铺的定金，那里距离唐人街很远。

    • acquaintance n.熟人；相识；了解；知道
    • emigrate vi.移居 vt.移民
    • deposit n.存款；押金；订金；保证金；沉淀物 vt.使沉淀；存放 vi.沉淀

    When the two women backed out, Ms. Chiang found to her horror that the deposit was not refundable. She took a deep breath and decided to open the restaurant herself rather than tell her husband that she had lost the money.
    当那两位女性退出合伙后，江孙芸才惊慌地发现定金是不能退还的。她深吸了一口气，决定自己开餐厅，而不是告诉丈夫她把钱弄没了。

    • backed out 退出；变卦；打退堂鼓；食言
    • horror n.惊骇；惨状；极端厌恶；令人恐怖的事物
    • refundable adj.可退还的

    “I began to think that if I could create a restaurant with Western-style service and ambience and the dishes that I was most familiar with — the delicious food of northern China — maybe my little restaurant would succeed,” she wrote in the second of her two cookbook memoirs.
    “我开始想，如果能创建一个拥有西式服务和氛围，还有我最熟悉的菜肴——中国北方的美食——的餐厅，也许我的小餐馆会成功，”她在自己两本烹饪回忆录的第二部。

    • ambience n.气氛，布景；周围环境

    Through a newspaper ad, Ms. Chiang found two talented chefs, a married couple from Shandong, and in no time the restaurant was up and running. The early days were difficult. Local suppliers, who all spoke Cantonese, refused to deliver to the Mandarin and would not extend credit. The menu, with 200 dishes, was unmanageable. Ms. Chiang, short on help, scrubbed the kitchen floors herself.
    通过报刊广告，江孙芸找到了两位才华横溢的厨师，是一对来自山东的夫妇，餐厅很快就开起来了。初期的日子很艰难。当地的供应商都说粤语，他们拒绝为福禄寿送货，也不愿提供贷款。多达200道菜的菜单也很难处理。由于人手不足，江孙芸得自己擦洗厨房的地板。

    • supplier n.供应厂商，供应国；供应者
    • Cantonese n.广东人；广东话 adj.广州的，广州人的
    • credit n.信用，信誉；学分；信任 vt.相信，信誉
    • unmanageable adj.难处理的，处理不了的；难管理的；难操作的
    • scrubbed adj.精制的，纯净的 v.擦洗；废止；揉搓

    But little by little, Chinese diners, and a few Americans, came regularly for hot and sour soup and pan-fried potstickers. One evening, Herb Caen, the popular columnist for The Chronicle, dined at the restaurant. In a subsequent column, he called it “a little hole-in-the wall” that was serving “some of the best Chinese food east of the Pacific.”
    但渐渐地，中国食客和一些美国人开始定期来这里吃酸辣汤和煎锅贴。一天晚上，纪事报颇受欢迎的专栏作家赫伯·卡恩(Herb Caen)来到这家餐厅用餐。在随后的一篇专栏里，他称这家“小馆子”提供“太平洋东岸最美味的一些中餐”。

    • regularly adv.定期地；有规律地；整齐地；匀称地
    • columnist n.专栏作家
    • subsequent adj.随后的

    Overnight the tables filled. Lines formed outside the door. The Mandarin was on its way. In 1968, Ms. Chiang moved the restaurant to larger quarters on Ghirardelli Square, where she could accommodate 300 diners and offer cooking classes.
    一夜之间，餐厅满座。门外排起了长队。福禄寿火了。1968年，江孙芸将餐厅搬到了哥拉德利广场一处更大的店面，可以容纳300位食客，还提供烹饪课程。

    • formed adj.成形的 v.构成；创立；使形成；制作
    • accommodate vt.容纳

    I think I changed what average people know about Chinese food,” Mrs. Chiang told The Chronicle in 2007. “They didn’t know China was such a big country.”
    “我想我改变了普通人对中餐的认知，”江孙芸在2007年对纪事报说。“他们都不知道中国是个那么大的国家。”