timeout interactions with asynchronous tasks and promises

Promises and async functions can schedule tasks run by the JavaScript engine asynchronously. By default, these tasks are run after all JavaScript functions on the current stack are done executing. This allows escaping the functionality of the timeout and breakOnSigint options.

例如，vm.runInNewContext() 执行的以下代码（超时为 5 毫秒）会在 promise 解决后调度无限循环。 调度的循环永远不会被超时中断：

const vm = require('vm');
function loop() {
  console.log('entering loop');
  while (1) console.log(Date.now());
}
vm.runInNewContext(
  'Promise.resolve().then(() => loop());',
  { loop, console },
  { timeout: 5 }
);
// This is printed *before* 'entering loop' (!)
console.log('done executing');

This can be addressed by passing microtaskMode: 'afterEvaluate' to the code that creates the Context:

const vm = require('vm');
function loop() {
  while (1) console.log(Date.now());
}
vm.runInNewContext(
  'Promise.resolve().then(() => loop());',
  { loop, console },
  { timeout: 5, microtaskMode: 'afterEvaluate' }
);

In this case, the microtask scheduled through promise.then() will be run before returning from vm.runInNewContext(), and will be interrupted by the timeout functionality. This applies only to code running in a vm.Context, so e.g. [vm.runInThisContext()][] does not take this option.

Promise callbacks are entered into the microtask queue of the context in which they were created. For example, if () => loop() is replaced with just loop in the above example, then loop will be pushed into the global microtask queue, because it is a function from the outer (main) context, and thus will also be able to escape the timeout.

If asynchronous scheduling functions such as process.nextTick(), queueMicrotask(), setTimeout(), setImmediate(), etc. are made available inside a vm.Context, functions passed to them will be added to global queues, which are shared by all contexts. Therefore, callbacks passed to those functions are not controllable through the timeout either.