Yalta Conference

    • set up UN
    • February 1945
    • four power control of Germany
      • each a part of control
    • FDR & Churchill promised SU back its control of northern China before defeat at Sino-Japanese war

    Potsdam Conference

    • July-August 1945
    • Allied Control Council
    • German reparation
      • less Russian demanded heavy reparations but each gaining reparation from their own controlled region
      • Allied paying additional reparations
    • Poland granted Stalin’s demanded new boundary with Germany
      • more land to Poland
      • Oder-Neisse Line

    Federal Republic of Germany

    • West Germany
    • Allied High Commission

    German Democratic Republic

    • East Germany
    • Soviet Control Commission

    currency reforms

    • Deutschmark
    • Ostmark
    • Reichsmark


    International Ruhr Authority

    NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

    French Prime Minister René Pleven & European Defence Community (EDC)

    • Pleven plan

    Spofford Compromise

    • NATO to create an integrated force in Europe

    Republican NOT EQUAL TO Democrat

    simultaneous discussion of West German independence and EDC

    ‘Guns and butter’

    1950s-1970s Western European and US prosperity

    OEEC - Organization for European Economic Co-operation

    OECC vs. Cominform

    European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

    • the Schuman Plan

    Cominform to combat Titoism

    • Tito’s communism in Yugoslavia

    COMECON

    • the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance


    SU control of the satellite states

    • Red Army
    • meetings and instructions
    • ambassadors etc. directly intervening
    • Eastern Europe’s army directly under SU

    Cult of Stalin

    Stalin’s break from Tito and Yugoslavia

    • Tito’s attempt for a Balkan federation with Greece, Romania, and Bulgaria
    • Tito:
      • sent troops to Albania to assist Greek communist forces
      • angered Stalin and communist Albanian leader

    Radio Free Europe

    • anti-Soviet propaganda to eastern Europe sponsored by the US gov.

    US General Douglas MacArthur

    • Supreme commander of the Allied Powers in Japan

    Allied Council for Japan useless

    • only able to recommend

    San Fransciso Treaty of Peace with Japan

    • Okinawa as military base for US

    Mao (CCP - Chinese Communist party)

    • appealed to US
    • wanted US pressure for Chiang to have a coalition gov. with CCP

    Chiang (leader of the Chinese Nationalist party)

    • Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
      • with Stalin
      • Stalin agreed not to assist the CCP against the KMT
    • appealed to Stalin

    Chongqing negotiations unable to agree by Mao and Chiang

    • CCP army problem
    • constitution problem

    SU-US tensions in Manchuria

    • SU unofficially backed CCP
      • violation of the Sino-Soviet Treaty
    • US navies patrolled sea off Port Arthur to provoke SU
    • SU backed up by withdrawing support to CCP
    • US & KMT
    • SU & CCP

    Marshall Mission 1945-46

    • Truman: economic assistance to KMT
    • General Marshall to negotiate CCP and MKT
    • truce spring of 1946
      • opportunities to CCP

    Joint Chiefs of Staff

    • Committee of senior military officers who advise the US gov. on military matters

    US’ limited support to KMT

    Sino-Soviet Pact between Mao and Stalin

    Cairo Declaration

    • Korea should be independent
    • trusteeship by US, SU, Nationalist China and UK

    Korean civil war

    • Kim and Rhee
    • Communist vs. nationalist
    • north Korea - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)
    • south Korea - Republic of Korea (ROK)
    • US and SU attempted to limit the scale
      • Stalin’s secret message to Truman
      • US fleet between Taiwan straits
    • US -> UN appeal -> UK and France
    • Mao
      • Northeast Border Defence Army
    • US led UN forces
    • armistice 27 July 1953
    • 18th parallel

    Asian defence perimeter

    • line through east and south-east Asia which the US was willing to defend against any other nation

    SU really into its interest and influence in Manchuria

    US Republicans

    • more aggressive tactics in the spheres of influence

    Mao & SU after Korean War

    • Mao: moral superiority
    • Stalin: high price for Chinese to buy military equipments

    results of Korean war on Europe and US

    • historian Norman Stone: “the Korean War created Europe”
    • accelerated rearmament, even of West Germany
    • strengthened NATO
    • convinced US the need for global collaboration against communism
      • 1954 SEATO (Southeast Asian Treaty Organization)
      • 1955 CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) / Baghdad pact
        • for Middle East against Soviet attack

    Indochina 1945-54

    • Democratic Republic of Vietnam
    • Viet Minh - League for hte Independence of Vietnam
    • PRC aid to Viet Minh

    Sino-French Agreement February 1946

    French defeat at Dien Bien Phu convinced French compromise is needed

    • new gov. established under a leading critic of the war in Indochina (Pierre Mendès-France)

    Geneva Conference

    • 26 April 1954
    • Geneva Accords - record of the negotiations
      • Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel
      • US didn’t sign but issued another doc to agree
    • Geneva spirit - more cordial and thawing relationship

    continued problem: German arm race

    • Westerners - reunited German pressured by USSR and possibly removed

    new President General Dwight D. Eisenhower

    5 collective leaders after Stalin

    • improve living standards and eased global climate
    • Beria - encouraged German reunification

    GDR

    • more centralized economic policies on heavy industries
    • inflation
    • Berlin’s open frontier
    • censorship affecting SU’s détente policy
    • leader - Ulbricht
    • June 1953 - East German Uprising
      • SU intervention

    East German Uprising

    • US response
      • double handed strategy
        • calling foreign minister conference for Germany
        • prolong unrest in East Germany through provocative radios

    Jan. - Feb. 1954 Berlin Conference

    • no resolution on unifciation of Germany

    historian Christoph Klessmann

    • ‘the reactive mechanism’ of Cold War
      • more the FRG to the West, more the GDR to the Soviet Block

    FRG joined NATO -> Warsaw Pact Treaty between Eastern countries

    Geneva Conference 1956

    Hallstein Doctrine

    • Adenaur to not make FDR gov. recognize GDR by foreign minister exchanges

    Third World

    • SU leader Khrushchev recognized importance to propaganda against imperialism & support from Third World
    • PRC-Soviet cooperations 1944-45
    • Bandung Conference
      • economic and cultural cooperation
        • e.g. OPEC
      • many drifting to socialism
    • 1961 Non-Aligned Movement
      • 3rd world collaboration and avoid Cold War impacts

    De-Stalinalization

    • satellite states thought will gain more independence
    • ‘different roads to socialism’
    • Khrushchev’s speech February 1956
      • CIA broadcasted it (Central Intelligence Agency)
      • ‘different roads to socialism’
    • Yugoslavia
      • communiqué of Tito & Khrushchev - no imposed unification to communism
    • Polish Crisis
      • unrest from increased production targets
      • SU to resist Gomutka elected as First Secretary of gov.
      • Red Army advance stopped by Gomutka’s promises to resolve order.
    • Hungarian Uprising
      • Tito & Krushchev to pressure a liberal leader in the Hungarian Communist Party
      • Budapest
      • uprising for new gov. under Imre Nagy
        • advocated reforms similar to Tito
      • Nagy appointed for compromise.
      • Krushchev pledged but failed -> Nagy announced intention to withdraw Hungary from Warsaw Pact
      • US Radio Free Europe - convinced Hungarian rebels of NATO intervention
      • Eisenhower - will not intervene
      • new SU gov.

    Suez Crisis

    • Nasser, President of Egypt
      • artillery from Soviet bloc
    • Czechoslovakia arms deal
    • Aswan High Dam
      • both US & Britain and SU appeal
    • UK, French, Israel collusion
      • Israel attack first & Egypt refused to stop fire -> intervention
      • US intervened to stop UK and French retain of colonial power
    • SU missile threat
      • Krushchev threatened nuclear weapon -> seen as savior of the conflicts

    Moscow Conference of International Communist Leaders

    • encourage some diversity but satellite states still to follow the SU political and economic model
    • SU as the ‘first and mightiest’ socialist country
    • break with Tito
      • joined Non-Aligned Movement
    • PRC growing criticism
      • Mao - Stalin real Marxist-Leninism inheritor and he to be the next

    Nuclear diplomacy by SU

    • ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile)
    • Sputnik orbit

    US & Western allies

    • UK - relationship restored
      • by Bermuda Conference
    • France - indepedent from US
      • EEC (European Economic Community) w/ the FRG independent of US

    EEC & EFTA

    • EEC - FRG, France, Italy and the Benelux states
    • EFTA - European Free Trade Association by UK - Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and Portugal

    Berlin crisis

    • 1945-61: 1/6 of GDR population fled to the FRG
    • Krushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum to Westerners
      • recognize existence of GDR or SU make peace with GDR can manage the land corridors to West Berlin
      • West Berlin to be a free city
    • NATO division
      • France & FRG
      • US & UK
    • pressured for Geneva Conference, May-August 1959
      • SU: German into confederation
    • 1960 Economic crisis in GDR
      • collective farming -> output drop -> starvation -> 199,000 fled -> 103,000 in following 6 months
    • Berlin wall

    Summit meetings 1959-1960

    • Krushchev’s alternating strategies of threats and détents
    • many worked

    President Kennedy

    • indicated only for West Berlin, not for East and West Berlin access

    Sino-Soviet relationship breakdown 1964-69

    • Quemoy Crisis 1958

    Congo crisis

    • 1960-65
    • independence by Patrice Lumumba
      • more pro-Soviet
    • Katanga seceded to a puppet ruler controlled by Union Minière (Belgian company of mining in Congo)
      • UN intervention but failed
      • US to keep pro-SU Lumumba gov. out of control of Katanga
    • Mobutu seizure of power supported by US & Belgian

    Cuba crisis 1962

    • Cuba revolution
      • Fidel Castro took power in 1956
      • Castro -> to make his economic policies supported by middleclass and Non-Alignment Movement -> Communism -> US pressure, sugar & oil -> SU threats
      • Monroe Doctrine - European powers should not intervene in the affairs of North or South America
    • US attempt on CIA-trained Cuban exiles on the Bay of Pigs April 1961
    • SU-Cuban treaty to place missiles on Cuba
    • quarantine zone
      • US inspection of any SU ships in regions near Cuba
    • solution
      • Khrushchev message to Kennedy to withdraw Jupiter missiles in Turkey
    • later reduction in tension
      • 1963 - hotline between SU and US leaders

    MAD

    • Mutually Assured Destruction

    Vietnam crisis

    • US to avoid united Vietnamese parliament election
    • US: Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)
      • ineffective
    • Ngo Dinh Diem as PM of South Vietnam
      • lost power
      • alienated Buddhists, favored Catholics
      • promised land reforms ignored
    • North Vietnam intervention
      • smuggled arms into South Vietnam through the Ho Chi Minh Trail
    • Viet Cong - Communist movement in South Vietnam
      • founded the National Front for the Libreation for Vietnam
      • rally opposition to Diem
    • Autumn 1961 South Vietnam gov. near collapse
      • Viet Cong seized control of large # of villages
      • disunity in US gov. for policy
        • some for negotiation, some for military intrvention
        • Johnson - military advisors and arms
    • Battle of Ap Bac
      • south Vietnam gov. weakness despite stronger arm
      • South Vietnam army (AVRN)
    • Diem’s gov. fell by coup assisted by US
      • anti-Buddhism -> self-immolation
      • b/c rumor of Diem considering negotiation w/ North Vietnam = no advantageous deal
      • replaced by General Nguyen Khanh
    • US attempt for allies
      • Australia - yes
      • France: reunified Vietnam with sovereignty
        • publicize pessimism
      • Britain - pessimistic but less openly critical
    • Tonkin Incidents, August 1964
      • Khanh pressed uS for more interventions
      • 2 August
      • Nort Vietnamese patrol boats attacked a US destroyer -> damage 2 and sank another
      • second US destroyer responded to a false attack
      • President Johnson -> air strikes against North Vietnamese patrol boat bases & an oil depot
    • SU
      • some aid to North Vietnam but Khrushchev impatient of North Vietnam
      • new PM Alexei Kosygin from October 1964
        • rapprochement with PRC
        • assertive policy to US & NATO
        • assist North Vietnam!
        • asked PRC to coordinate assistance to North Vietnam but PRC refused
    • PRC
      • Mao: to revolutionaize Chinese society
      • external threats from US to increase inner reforms
      • supported North Vietnam
      • 400 aircrafts at PRC-North Vietnam border after Tonkin Incidents
      • assistance ceased by 1969 b/c
        • home economic and social problems
        • PRC & SU relations
        • SU as biggest threat, US…?
        • North Vietnam close to SU
    • Noth Vietnam-PRC
      • NV - independence, not political control by PRC -> PRC: ?NO
      • by 1968, NV more pro-Soviet
      • suspicions of NV engagement in Laos to build pro-Soviet bloc near PRC
    • Tet Offensive January-February 1968
      • seen as the defeat of US and South Vietnamese
      • North Vietnamese and Viet Cong against South Vietnamese and US troops during Tet Nguyen Dan festival
      • US public and media hatred -> Johnson to negotiate
    • US offered negotiation through détente with SU
      • SU: Strategic Arms Limitation & nuclear weapon control no link to Vietnam war
        • increased help
      • Sino-US rapprochement no help to end the war
    • 1972 withdrawal of American troops out of Vietnam
      • some air forces remained
    • Paris Peace Accords 27 January 1973
      • b/c NV realized unable to takeover SV with US airforces
      • December 1972 - Nixon sent B-52 bombers with ‘smart’ bombs in the Hanoi-Haiphong region
      • ‘fraudulent face-saver for the Americans.’ - Historian Norman Stone
        • war continued and SV taken over
    • International response to V war
      • Third World revolutionaries and the New Left
        • possible of against Western capitalism
      • Cambodia and Laos now comunist
      • Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines revolt less successful
      • creation of the Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN)
        • Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to halt communism
      • PRC-Chinese War
        • June 1978 Vietnam joined Soviet economic bloc & December invaded Cambodia
        • PRC threatened and invaded Vietnam, withdrew quickly
      • US
        • prestige loss -> indirect military aid to regions to halt communism
        • Watergate scandal
          • Republics broke into headquarters of Democratic Party and found discrediting materials
        • by 1979 winning Cold War
          • Egypt ended link with SU
          • US rapprochement with PRC

    Laos civil war

    • Pathet Lao - Communist-supported independence movement
    • Prince Souvanna Phouma gov. -> more anti-communist administration -> coup by Phoumi Nosavan
    • Phouma & SU support
    • Nosavan & US support
      • US considered military intervention
    • 1962 Geneva convention
      • recommendastion for coalition gov. by Phouma where Pathet Lao would participate