Wilsonianism -> self-determination and sovereignty for all states with open-door economy, elections
Bolshevik revolution proved the ideal unlikely
Riga axiom - those involved in Riga, capital of Latvia, with deep involvement with Russia
- negative attitude to SU
- e.g. George Kennan
Great Depression vs. SU industrial reconstruction -> attractive -> diplomatic recognition -> warming relations -> Stalin’s purge -> familiar politicians disappearing -> chilling
much of policy makers in the 1940s influenced by the Riga axiom
US specialists in SU have differing views w/ US domestic politicians
- traditionalist: SU violent and forceful
US hesitation over G or SU
- FDR: SU less expansionist than G -> if collaborated, through negotiations they may want to focus on reconstruction rather than Comintern spreading revolutions
Manhattan Project
Yalta axioms
- view that constructive relationship could be achieved with the SU if obligations were scrupulously carried out
George F. Kennan
- Long Telegram 22 February 1946
- spelled out the ‘evil’ nature of SU empire
Traditionalist view
- SU non-cooperative
- US flawed policies in WW2 -> gave SU too much power
- could have deployed Anglo-American troops in Europe and the Balkans
- but: US recognition of balance of power & FDR’s unwillingness to participate in land WW
- FDR:
- appear to understand SU’s main goal for security needs
- SU’ lack of right position in the work
- UN secret council
- offered collective security & open world
- attempts to cooperate with the Russians
- appear to understand SU’s main goal for security needs
- SU aggressive demands for arms after pushing Germans -> turned views for SU
- could have deployed Anglo-American troops in Europe and the Balkans
Revisionist view
- US’ atomic monopoly before 1949
- cause Cold War
- US making political concessions for short-term military gains
- it could have stopped SU expansions
- believing that SU is still possible to be incorporated into capitalist power
- Marshall Plan
- Baruch Plan
- SU just recovered from WW2
- weak, facing US forces
- SU needed protection from German threats again
- eastern and south-eastern European lands
- US economic system
- require increasing markets = increasing political control
- penetrate Japan, Germany, UK during WW2
- about to penetrate eastern Europe
- Potsdam refused agreeing on German reparation for Su
- NATO & Truman Doctrine
Post-Revisionist
- exaggerated threats perceived from each side -> misguided policies
- lack of community -> Cold War
- US failed to use the threats of war for concessions
Christinianity’s relations with US concessions
US more hardline policies after the Long Telegram
SU ideologies
- SU leadership define what is communism and who are enemies of communism
US dual foreign policy
- particularist
- US prioritize its interests than pursuing goods for the whole world
- developing economic and military recovery of necessary political centers
- reduce defence expenditure
- to create a third force to counter US and SU
- universalist
- US to restructure a world of self-determination, free trade, democracy under the patrol of US
all approaches to Cold War
- Soviet threat theorists
- blame on SU
- US imperialism theorists
- blame on US
- superpower theorists
- US & SU jointly subordinating the world to their common interests and remaining differences
- arms-race theorists
- impact of nuclear weapon to shape foreign policies
- north-south theorists
- world politics due to conflict between rich and poor states, imperial and colonial, dominant and dominated
- rich state conflicts to consolidate control of poor states
- West-West theorists
- underlying capitalist state conflicts
- intra-state theorists
- domestic policies shaping foreign policies
- class-conflict theorists
- capitalism va. communism on a large scale for conflicts
Stalin often seen as dearthing for security
- security & land
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