实验环境：阿里云ECS实例

实验目标

1. 通过二进制方式部署（containerd容器运行时）Kubernetes集群
2. 对k8s各项组件配置深入了解
3. 通过负载均衡器（nginx+keepalived）实现高可用集群

实验步骤—-

1. 前置规划

1.1 环境准备

• 建议最小硬件配置： 2核Cpu 2G内存 30G硬盘
• 需要从外网拉取容器镜像（内网环境需要提前下载好容器镜像离线导入节点）

• 服务器规划为1Master 1Node 或 2Master 1Node 1Lb

• 简单k8s架构图

• 高可用集群架构图

1.2 服务器初始化配置

# 关闭防火墙 
systemctl stop firewalld 
systemctl disable firewalld 
# 关闭selinux 
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config  # 永久
setenforce 0  # 临时 
# 关闭swap 
swapoff -a  # 临时 
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab    # 永久
# 根据规划设置主机名 
hostnamectl set-hostname <hostname> 
# 在master添加hosts 
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF 
192.168.22.88 k8s-master01 
192.168.22.89 k8s-master02 
192.168.22.90 k8s-node01 
EOF 
#安装依赖包
yum -y install wget jq psmisc vim net-tools nfs-utils telnet yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 git network-scripts tar curl -y
#启用ipvs
yum install ipvsadm ipset sysstat conntrack libseccomp -y
mkdir -p /etc/modules-load.d/
cat >> /etc/modules-load.d/ipvs.conf << EOF 
ip_vs
ip_vs_rr
ip_vs_wrr
ip_vs_sh
nf_conntrack
ip_tables
ip_set
xt_set
ipt_set
ipt_rpfilter
ipt_REJECT
ipip
EOF 
systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack
# 将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链
cat >> /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF 
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
vm.panic_on_oom = 0
fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 89100
fs.file-max = 52706963
fs.nr_open = 52706963
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 2310720
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 15
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 36000
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 327680
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.core.somaxconn = 16384
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 0
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1
EOF 
modprobe br_netfilter
lsmod |grep conntrack
modprobe ip_conntrack
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf  # 生效 
# 时间同步 
yum install ntpdate -y 
ntpdate time.windows.com

2. 部署Containerd（每台服务器都需要操作）

2.1 安装containerd

### 加载 containerd模块
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/containerd.conf
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF
systemctl restart systemd-modules-load.service 
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-kubernetes-cri.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables  = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward                 = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
EOF
# 加载内核
sysctl --system

#获取阿里云docker源
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum list | grep containerd
yum install -y containerd.io
#生成containerd的配置文件
mkdir /etc/containerd -p 
#生成配置文件
containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
#编辑配置文件
vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
# SystemdCgroup = false 改为 SystemdCgroup = true
# sandbox_image = "k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6"
# 改为：
# sandbox_image = "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.6"
systemctl enable containerd
systemctl start containerd
ctr version
runc -version

• Delegate**: 这个选项允许 containerd 以及运行时自己管理自己创建容器的 cgroups。如果不设置这个选项，systemd 就会将进程移到自己的 cgroups 中，从而导致 containerd 无法正确获取容器的资源使用情况。**
• KillMode**: 这个选项用来处理 containerd 进程被杀死的方式。默认情况下，systemd 会在进程的 cgroup 中查找并杀死 containerd 的所有子进程。KillMode 字段可以设置的值如下。**
  • control-group**（默认值）：当前控制组里面的所有子进程，都会被杀掉**
  • process**：只杀主进程**
  • mixed**：主进程将收到 SIGTERM 信号，子进程收到 SIGKILL 信号**
  • none**：没有进程会被杀掉，只是执行服务的 stop 命令**

我们需要将 KillMode 的值设置为 process，这样可以确保升级或重启 containerd 时不杀死现有的容器。

2.2 配置镜像加速

# vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"]
      endpoint = ["https://gaatfjuv.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."k8s.gcr.io"]
      endpoint = ["https://registry.aliyuncs.com/k8sxio"]

• registry.mirrors.”xxx”**: 表示需要配置 mirror 的镜像仓库，例如 registry.mirrors.”docker.io” 表示配置 docker.io 的 mirror。**
• endpoint**: 表示提供 mirror 的镜像加速服务，比如我们可以注册一个阿里云的镜像服务来作为 docker.io 的 mirror。**

#配置后重启
systemctl restart containerd

3. 部署Etcd集群

3.1 使用cfssl证书生成工具

这里使用k8s-master01作为终端操作

chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64 cfssljson_linux-amd64 cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64
mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssl
mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssljson
mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /usr/bin/cfssl-certinfo

3.2 生成Etcd证书

3.2.1 创建工作目录：

mkdir -p ~/TLS/{etcd,k8s}
cd ~/TLS/etcd

自签CA

cat > ca-config.json << EOF
{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "87600h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "www": {
         "expiry": "87600h",
         "usages": [
            "signing",
            "key encipherment",
            "server auth",
            "client auth"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
EOF
cat > ca-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN": "etcd CA",
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "CN",
            "L": "Beijing",
            "ST": "Beijing"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -
#会生成ca.pem和ca-key.pem文件

cat > server-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN": "etcd",
    "hosts": [
    "192.168.22.88",
    "192.168.22.89",
    "192.168.22.90",
    "192.168.22.91",
    "192.168.22.92",
    ],
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "CN",
            "L": "BeiJing",
            "ST": "BeiJing"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=www server-csr.json | cfssljson -bare server
#会生成server.pem和server-key.pem文件。

3.3 部署Etcd

3.3.1 创建工作目录并解压二进制包

mkdir /opt/etcd/{bin,cfg,ssl} -p
tar zxvf etcd-v3.5.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv etcd-v3.5.1-linux-amd64/{etcd,etcdctl} /opt/etcd/bin/

3.3.2 创建etcd配置文件

cat > /opt/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf << EOF
#[Member]
ETCD_NAME="etcd-1"
ETCD_DATA_DIR="/var/lib/etcd/default.etcd"
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.88:2380"
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.88:2379"
#[Clustering]
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.88:2380"
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.88:2379"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd-1=https://192.168.22.88:2380,etcd-2=https://192.168.22.89:2380,etcd-3=https://192.168.22.90:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="etcd-cluster"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"
EOF

3.3.3 systemd管理etcd

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Etcd Server
After=network.target
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=notify
EnvironmentFile=/opt/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf
ExecStart=/opt/etcd/bin/etcd \
--cert-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/server.pem \
--key-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem \
--peer-cert-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/server.pem \
--peer-key-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem \
--trusted-ca-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/ca.pem \
--peer-trusted-ca-file=/opt/etcd/ssl/ca.pem \
--logger=zap
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

3.3.4 拷贝刚才生成的证书

cp ~/TLS/etcd/ca*pem ~/TLS/etcd/server*pem /opt/etcd/ssl/
#把刚才生成的证书拷贝到配置文件中的路径

3.3.5 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start etcd
systemctl enable etcd

3.4 部署Etcd集群

3.4.1 将k8s-master01所有生成的文件copy到k8s-master02和k8s-node01并配置

scp -r /opt/etcd/ root@192.168.22.89:/opt/
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service root@192.168.22.89:/usr/lib/systemd/system/
scp -r /opt/etcd/ root@192.168.22.90:/opt/
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service root@192.168.22.90:/usr/lib/systemd/system/

k8s-master02和k8s-node01中分别修改etcd.conf配置文件中的节点名称和当前服务器IP：

vim /opt/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf
#[Member]
ETCD_NAME="etcd-2"   # 修改此处，k8s-master02改为etcd-2，k8s-node01改为etcd-3
ETCD_DATA_DIR="/var/lib/etcd/default.etcd"
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.89:2380"   # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.89:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
#[Clustering]
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.89:2380" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.89:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd-1=https://192.168.22.88:2380,etcd-2=https://192.168.22.89:2380,etcd-3=https://192.168.22.90:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="etcd-cluster"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"

vim /opt/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf
#[Member]
ETCD_NAME="etcd-3"   # 修改此处，k8s-master02改为etcd-2，k8s-node01改为etcd-3
ETCD_DATA_DIR="/var/lib/etcd/default.etcd"
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.90:2380"   # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.90:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
#[Clustering]
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.22.90:2380" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.22.90:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd-1=https://192.168.22.88:2380,etcd-2=https://192.168.22.89:2380,etcd-3=https://192.168.22.90:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="etcd-cluster"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"

3.4.2 启动etcd并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start etcd
systemctl enable etcd

3.4.3 查看集群状态

ETCDCTL_API=3 /opt/etcd/bin/etcdctl --cacert=/opt/etcd/ssl/ca.pem --cert=/opt/etcd/ssl/server.pem --key=/opt/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem --endpoints="https://192.168.22.88:2379,https://192.168.22.89:2379,https://192.168.22.90:2379" endpoint health --write-out=table
+----------------------------+--------+-------------+-------+
|          ENDPOINT    | HEALTH |    TOOK     | ERROR |
+----------------------------+--------+-------------+-------+
| https://192.168.22.88:2379 |   true | 10.301506ms |    |
| https://192.168.22.89:2379 |   true | 12.87467ms |     |
| https://192.168.22.90:2379 |   true | 13.225954ms |    |
+----------------------------+--------+-------------+-------+
#若有错误 journalctl -u etcd 看日志

4. 部署Master节点

4.1 生成kube-apiserver证书

#自签证书颁发机构（CA）
cd ~/TLS/k8s
cat > ca-config.json << EOF
{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "87600h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "kubernetes": {
         "expiry": "87600h",
         "usages": [
            "signing",
            "key encipherment",
            "server auth",
            "client auth"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
EOF
cat > ca-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN": "kubernetes",
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "CN",
            "L": "Beijing",
            "ST": "Beijing",
            "O": "k8s",
            "OU": "System"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

生成证书

cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -

4.2 使用自签CA签发kube-apiserver HTTPS证书

cat > server-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN": "kubernetes",
    "hosts": [
      "10.0.0.1",
      "127.0.0.1",
      "192.168.22.88",
      "192.168.22.89",
      "192.168.22.90",
      "192.168.22.91",
      "192.168.22.92",
      "kubernetes",
      "kubernetes.default",
      "kubernetes.default.svc",
      "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
      "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
    ],
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "CN",
            "L": "BeiJing",
            "ST": "BeiJing",
            "O": "k8s",
            "OU": "System"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

生成证书

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes server-csr.json | cfssljson -bare server
#会生成server.pem和server-key.pem文件。

4.3 解压二进制包

#https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG/CHANGELOG-1.25.md
mkdir -p /opt/kubernetes/{bin,cfg,ssl,logs} 
tar zxvf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
cd kubernetes/server/bin
cp kube-apiserver kube-scheduler kube-controller-manager /opt/kubernetes/bin
cp kubectl /usr/bin/

4.4 部署kube-apiserver

4.4.1 创建配置文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf << EOF
KUBE_APISERVER_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \\
--v=2 \\
--log-dir=/opt/kubernetes/logs \\
--etcd-servers=https://192.168.22.88:2379,https://192.168.22.89:2379,https://192.168.22.90:2379 \\
--bind-address=192.168.22.88 \\
--secure-port=6443 \\
--advertise-address=192.168.22.88 \\
--allow-privileged=true \\
--service-cluster-ip-range=10.0.0.0/24 \\
--enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction \\
--authorization-mode=RBAC,Node \\
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true \\
--token-auth-file=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/token.csv \\
--service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \\
--kubelet-client-certificate=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server.pem \\
--kubelet-client-key=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server-key.pem \\
--tls-cert-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server.pem  \\
--tls-private-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server-key.pem \\
--client-ca-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\
--service-account-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \\
--service-account-issuer=api \\
--service-account-signing-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \\
--etcd-cafile=/opt/etcd/ssl/ca.pem \\
--etcd-certfile=/opt/etcd/ssl/server.pem \\
--etcd-keyfile=/opt/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem \\
--requestheader-client-ca-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\
--proxy-client-cert-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server.pem \\
--proxy-client-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/server-key.pem \\
--requestheader-allowed-names=kubernetes \\
--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix=X-Remote-Extra- \\
--requestheader-group-headers=X-Remote-Group \\
--requestheader-username-headers=X-Remote-User \\
--enable-aggregator-routing=true \\
--audit-log-maxage=30 \\
--audit-log-maxbackup=3 \\
--audit-log-maxsize=100 \\
--audit-log-path=/opt/kubernetes/logs/k8s-audit.log"
EOF

cp ~/TLS/k8s/ca*pem ~/TLS/k8s/server*pem /opt/kubernetes/ssl/

4.4.2 启用 TLS Bootstrapping 机制

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/token.csv << EOF
c47ffb939f5ca36231d9e3121a252940,kubelet-bootstrap,10001,"system:node-bootstrapper"
EOF
#格式：token，用户名，UID，用户组

head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ' '

4.4.3 systemd管理apiserver

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes API Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf
ExecStart=/opt/kubernetes/bin/kube-apiserver \$KUBE_APISERVER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

4.4.4 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-apiserver 
systemctl enable kube-apiserver

4.5 部署kube-controller-manager

4.5.1 创建配置文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.conf << EOF
KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \\
--v=2 \\
--log-dir=/opt/kubernetes/logs \\
--leader-elect=true \\
--kubeconfig=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig \\
--bind-address=127.0.0.1 \\
--allocate-node-cidrs=true \\
--cluster-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \\
--service-cluster-ip-range=10.0.0.0/24 \\
--cluster-signing-cert-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\
--cluster-signing-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem  \\
--root-ca-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\
--service-account-private-key-file=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \\
--cluster-signing-duration=87600h0m0s"
EOF

4.5.2 生成kubeconfig文件

# 切换工作目录
cd ~/TLS/k8s
# 创建证书请求文件
cat > kube-controller-manager-csr.json << EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-controller-manager",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "L": "BeiJing", 
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "O": "system:masters",
      "OU": "System"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
# 生成证书
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-controller-manager-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-controller-manager

4.5.3 在终端执行以下命令

KUBE_CONFIG="/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig"
KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.22.88:6443"
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-credentials kube-controller-manager \
  --client-certificate=./kube-controller-manager.pem \
  --client-key=./kube-controller-manager-key.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-context default \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user=kube-controller-manager \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}

4.5.4 systemd管理controller-manager

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-controller-manager.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.conf
ExecStart=/opt/kubernetes/bin/kube-controller-manager \$KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

4.5.5 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-controller-manager
systemctl enable kube-controller-manager

4.6 部署kube-scheduler

4.6.1 创建配置文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.conf << EOF
KUBE_SCHEDULER_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \\
--v=2 \\
--log-dir=/opt/kubernetes/logs \\
--leader-elect \\
--kubeconfig=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig \\
--bind-address=127.0.0.1"
EOF

4.6.2 生成kubeconfig文件

# 切换工作目录
cd ~/TLS/k8s
# 创建证书请求文件
cat > kube-scheduler-csr.json << EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-scheduler",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "O": "system:masters",
      "OU": "System"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
# 生成证书
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-scheduler-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-scheduler

KUBE_CONFIG="/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig"
KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.22.88:6443"
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-credentials kube-scheduler \
  --client-certificate=./kube-scheduler.pem \
  --client-key=./kube-scheduler-key.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-context default \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user=kube-scheduler \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}

4.6.3 生成kubeconfig文件

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-scheduler.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.conf
ExecStart=/opt/kubernetes/bin/kube-scheduler \$KUBE_SCHEDULER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

4.6.4 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-scheduler
systemctl enable kube-scheduler

4.6.5 查看集群状态

cat > admin-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "admin",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "O": "system:masters",
      "OU": "System"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin

mkdir /root/.kube
KUBE_CONFIG="/root/.kube/config"
KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.22.88:6443"
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-credentials cluster-admin \
  --client-certificate=./admin.pem \
  --client-key=./admin-key.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-context default \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user=cluster-admin \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}

kubectl get cs
NAME                STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
scheduler             Healthy   ok                  
controller-manager       Healthy   ok                  
etcd-2               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-1               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}  
#如上输出说明Master节点组件运行正常。

4.6.6 授权kubelet-bootstrap用户允许请求证书

kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubelet-bootstrap \
--clusterrole=system:node-bootstrapper \
--user=kubelet-bootstrap

4.7 部署kubelet

4.7.1 创建工作目录并拷贝二进制文件

mkdir -p /opt/kubernetes/{bin,cfg,ssl,logs} 
cd kubernetes/server/bin
cp kubelet kube-proxy /opt/kubernetes/bin   # 本地拷贝

4.7.2 创建配置文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf << EOF
KUBELET_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \\
--v=2 \\
--log-dir=/opt/kubernetes/logs \\
--hostname-override=k8s-master01 \\
--kubeconfig=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.kubeconfig \\
--bootstrap-kubeconfig=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/bootstrap.kubeconfig \\
--config=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet-config.yml \\
--cert-dir=/opt/kubernetes/ssl \\
--container-runtime=remote  \\
--runtime-request-timeout=15m  \\
--container-runtime-endpoint=unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock  \\
--cgroup-driver=systemd \\
--node-labels=node.kubernetes.io/node='' \\
--feature-gates=IPv6DualStack=true
EOF

4.7.3 配置参数

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet-config.yml << EOF
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
address: 0.0.0.0
port: 10250
readOnlyPort: 10255
cgroupDriver: cgroupfs
clusterDNS:
- 10.0.0.2
clusterDomain: cluster.local 
failSwapOn: false
authentication:
  anonymous:
    enabled: false
  webhook:
    cacheTTL: 2m0s
    enabled: true
  x509:
    clientCAFile: /opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem 
authorization:
  mode: Webhook
  webhook:
    cacheAuthorizedTTL: 5m0s
    cacheUnauthorizedTTL: 30s
evictionHard:
  imagefs.available: 15%
  memory.available: 100Mi
  nodefs.available: 10%
  nodefs.inodesFree: 5%
maxOpenFiles: 1000000
maxPods: 110
EOF

4.7.4 生成kubelet初次加入集群引导kubeconfig文件

KUBE_CONFIG="/opt/kubernetes/cfg/bootstrap.kubeconfig"
KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.22.88:6443" # apiserver IP:PORT
TOKEN="c47ffb939f5ca36231d9e3121a252940" # 与token.csv里保持一致
# 生成 kubelet bootstrap kubeconfig 配置文件
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-credentials "kubelet-bootstrap" \
  --token=${TOKEN} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-context default \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user="kubelet-bootstrap" \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}

4.7.5 systemd管理kubelet

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kubelet
After=docker.service
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf
ExecStart=/opt/kubernetes/bin/kubelet \$KUBELET_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

4.7.6 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kubelet
systemctl enable kubelet

4.7.7 批准kubelet证书申请并加入集群

# 查看kubelet证书请求
kubectl get csr
NAME                                                   AGE    SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR           CONDITION
node-csr-uCEGPOIiDdlLODKts8J658HrFq9CZ--K6M4G7bjhk8A   6m3s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending
# 批准申请
kubectl certificate approve node-csr-uCEGPOIiDdlLODKts8J658HrFq9CZ--K6M4G7bjhk8A
# 查看节点
kubectl get node
NAME         STATUS     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master1   NotReady   <none>   7s    v1.25.2
#由于网络插件还没有部署，节点会没有准备就绪 NotReady

4.8 部署kube-proxy

4.8.1 创建配置文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.conf << EOF
KUBE_PROXY_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \\
--v=2 \\
--log-dir=/opt/kubernetes/logs \\
--config=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml"
EOF

4.8.2 配置参数文件

cat > /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml << EOF
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
bindAddress: 0.0.0.0
metricsBindAddress: 0.0.0.0:10249
clientConnection:
  kubeconfig: /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.kubeconfig
hostnameOverride: k8s-master01
clusterCIDR: 10.244.0.0/16
EOF

4.8.3 生成kube-proxy.kubeconfig文件

# 切换工作目录
cd ~/TLS/k8s
# 创建证书请求文件
cat > kube-proxy-csr.json << EOF
{
  "CN": "system:kube-proxy",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "O": "k8s",
      "OU": "System"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
# 生成证书
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy
生成kubeconfig文件：
KUBE_CONFIG="/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.kubeconfig"
KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.2.88:6443"
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-credentials kube-proxy \
  --client-certificate=./kube-proxy.pem \
  --client-key=./kube-proxy-key.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config set-context default \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user=kube-proxy \
  --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=${KUBE_CONFIG}

4.8.4 systemd管理kube-proxy

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Proxy
After=network.target
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.conf
ExecStart=/opt/kubernetes/bin/kube-proxy \$KUBE_PROXY_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

4.8.5 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kube-proxy
systemctl enable kube-proxy

4.8.6 部署网络组件

kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
kubectl get pods -n kube-system

故障排查

①当calico镜像因为网络原因被墙下载不了的情况，课程包中也准备了离线镜像，使用Containerd的ctr命令导入本地(其中一定要加上命名空间-n=k8s.io)

ctr -n=k8s.io images import pause.tar

②上述步骤中改错任意IP或host地址都会导致集群组件抛异常，可通过journalctl -u kube-scheduler（任意组件名排查故障）

kubectl get node
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    <none>   37m   v1.25.2
#部署成功后节点会准备就绪

4.8.7 授权apiserver访问kubelet

cat > apiserver-to-kubelet-rbac.yaml << EOF
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  annotations:
    rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
  labels:
    kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/proxy
      - nodes/stats
      - nodes/log
      - nodes/spec
      - nodes/metrics
      - pods/log
    verbs:
      - "*"
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: system:kube-apiserver
  namespace: ""
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
subjects:
  - apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    kind: User
    name: kubernetes
EOF
kubectl apply -f apiserver-to-kubelet-rbac.yaml

5. 部署Node节点

5.1 拷贝已部署好的Node相关文件到新节点

scp -r /opt/kubernetes root@192.168.22.90:/opt/
scp -r /usr/lib/systemd/system/{kubelet,kube-proxy}.service root@192.168.22.90:/usr/lib/systemd/system

5.2 删除kubelet证书和kubeconfig文件

rm -f /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.kubeconfig 
rm -f /opt/kubernetes/ssl/kubelet*
#注：这几个文件是证书申请审批后自动生成的，每个Node不同，必须删除

5.3 修改主机名

vim /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf
--hostname-override=k8s-node01
vim /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml
hostnameOverride: k8s-node01

5.4 启动并设置开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start kubelet kube-proxy
systemctl enable kubelet kube-proxy

5.5 在Master上批准新Node kubelet证书申请

# 查看证书请求
kubectl get csr
NAME           AGE   SIGNERNAME                    REQUESTOR           CONDITION
node-csr-4zTjsaVSrhuyhIGqsefxzVoZDCNKei-aE2jyTP81Uro   89s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending
# 授权请求
kubectl certificate approve node-csr-4zTjsaVSrhuyhIGqsefxzVoZDCNKei-aE2jyTP81Uro

5.6 查看Node状态

kubectl get node
NAME       STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master01   Ready    <none>   47m     v1.25.2
k8s-node01    Ready    <none>   6m49s   v1.25.2

后续新加的node节点同上。记得修改主机名！

6. 部署Dashboard和CoreDNS

6.1 部署Dashboard

kubectl apply -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
# 查看部署
kubectl get pods,svc -n kubernetes-dashboard
#访问地址：https://NodeIP:30001

kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system
kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin
kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk '/dashboard-admin/{print $1}')

6.2 部署CoreDNS

kubectl apply -f coredns.yaml 
kubectl get pods -n kube-system  
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE 
coredns-5ffbfd976d-j6shb      1/1     Running   0          32s

6.2.1 DNS解析测试：

kubectl run -it --rm dns-test --image=busybox:1.28.4 sh 
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. 
/ # nslookup kubernetes 
Server:    10.0.0.2 
Address 1: 10.0.0.2 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local 
Name:      kubernetes 
Address 1: 10.0.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local

以上。一个单Master集群就搭建完成了。足以满足后续的学习实验

7. 拓展篇：扩容多Master节点（高可用）

Kubernetes作为容器集群系统，通过健康检查+重启策略实现了Pod故障自我修复能力，通过调度算法实现将Pod分布式部署，并保持预期副本数，根据Node失效状态自动在其他Node拉起Pod，实现了应用层的高可用性。 针对Kubernetes集群，高可用性还应包含以下两个层面的考虑：Etcd数据库的高可用性和Kubernetes Master组件的高可用性。 而Etcd我们已经采用3个节点组建集群实现高可用，本节将对Master节点高可用进行说明和实施。 Master节点扮演着总控中心的角色，通过不断与工作节点上的Kubelet和kube-proxy进行通信来维护整个集群的健康工作状态。如果Master节点故障，将无法使用kubectl工具或者API做任何集群管理。 Master节点主要有三个服务kube-apiserver、kube-controller-manager和kube-scheduler，其中kube-controller-manager和kube-scheduler组件自身通过选择机制已经实现了高可用，所以Master高可用主要针对kube-apiserver组件，而该组件是以HTTP API提供服务，因此对他高可用与Web服务器类似，增加负载均衡器对其负载均衡即可，并且可水平扩容。

7.1 部署k8s-master02

7.1.1 拷贝文件

scp -r /opt/kubernetes root@192.168.22.89:/opt
scp -r /opt/etcd/ssl root@192.168.22.89:/opt/etcd
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube* root@192.168.22.89:/usr/lib/systemd/system
scp /usr/bin/kubectl  root@192.168.22.89:/usr/bin
scp -r ~/.kube root@192.168.22.89:~

7.1.2 删除证书文件

rm -f /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.kubeconfig 
rm -f /opt/kubernetes/ssl/kubelet*
#删除kubelet证书和kubeconfig文件

7.1.3 修改apiserver、kubelet和kube-proxy配置文件为本地IP

vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf 
...
--bind-address=192.168.22.89 \
--advertise-address=192.168.22.89 \
...
vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig
server: https://192.168.22.89:6443
vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig
server: https://192.168.22.89:6443
vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf
--hostname-override=k8s-master02
vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml
hostnameOverride: k8s-master2
vi ~/.kube/config
...
server: https://192.168.22.89:6443