1. Namespaces资源配额
**
# 创建namespaces
kubectl create namespace compute
# 创建计算资源配额

cat << EOF > compute-resources.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
  name: compute
  namespace: compute
spec:
  hard:
    cpu: 5
    memory: 2Gi
    pods: "10"
    services: "2"
    requests.cpu: 500m
    limits.memory: 1Gi
    persistentvolumeclaims: "2"
    services.nodeports: "2"
    configmaps: "2"
    secrets: "2"
EOF

kubectl create -f compute-resources.yaml

查看配额的最新信息
kubectl -n compute describe resourcequotas compute

2. 应用资源限制
2.1 内存限制

cat << EOF > stress-mem.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: memory-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: memory-demo-2-ctr
    image: polinux/stress
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    resources:
      requests:
        memory: "50Mi"
      limits:
        memory: "100Mi"
    command: ["stress"]
    args: ["--vm", "1", "--vm-bytes", "250M", "--vm-hang", "1"]
EOF

kubectl apply -f stress-mem.yaml
### 查看会发现memory-demo-2这个pod状态变为OOMKilled，因为它是内存不足所以显示Container被杀死
[root@master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -n mem-example
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
memory-demo 1/1 Running 0 7m13s
memory-demo-2 0/1 OOMKilled 2 20s

2.2 CPU限制

cat << EOF > stress-cpu.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: cpu-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: cpu-demo-ctr
    image: vish/stress
    resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "1"
      requests:
        cpu: "0.5"
    args:
    - -cpus
    - "2"
EOF

kubectl create -f stress-cpu.yaml
# 查看cpu使用
root@master01:~/yaml# kubectl top pod cpu-demo
NAME CPU(cores) MEMORY(bytes)
cpu-demo 1001m 0Mi

3. Limit Range
LimitRange是用来给namespace内的pod设置一个默认的request和limit值
先创建namespace
kubectl create namespace default-cpu-example
使用以下yaml文件创建limitRange，指定一个默认的cpu request和cpu limit
创建个名为cpu-limit-range.yaml的文件，填入以下内容

apiVersion: v1
kind: LimitRange
metadata:
  name: cpu-limit-range
spec:
  limits:
  - default:
      cpu: 1
    defaultRequest:
      cpu: 0.5
    type: Container

执行
应用到default-cpu-example这个namespace
kubectl apply -f 1.yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
使用以下yaml文件创建pod
创建名为default-cpu-demo.yaml的yaml文件，输入以下内容

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: default-cpu-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name: default-cpu-demo-ctr
    image: nginx

部署pod
kubectl apply -f default-cpu-demo.yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
查看pod yaml配置
kubectl get pod default-cpu-demo —output=yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
可以看见Resource这里自动配置了limit和request，这个就是继承LimitRange

resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "1"
      requests:
        cpu: 500m

场景二：只配置pod Resource的limit不配置request 使用以下yaml文件创建pod
default-cpu-demo-2.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: default-cpu-demo-2
spec:
  containers:
  - name: default-cpu-demo-2-ctr
    image: nginx
    resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "1"

部署pod
kubectl apply -f default-cpu-demo-2.yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
查看pod yaml配置
kubectl get pod default-cpu-demo-2 —output=yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
需要注意的是这里request值没有继承LimitRange配置的值0.5而是直接根limit相等。

resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "1"
      requests:
        cpu: "1"

场景三：指定容器请求值，不指定容器限额值 使用以下yaml文件创建pod test.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: default-cpu-demo-3
spec:
  containers:
  - name: default-cpu-demo-3-ctr
    image: nginx
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: "0.75"

部署pod
kubectl apply -f test.yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
查看pod yaml配置
kubectl get pod default-cpu-demo-2 —output=yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
kubectl get pod default-cpu-demo-2 —output=yaml —namespace=default-cpu-example
需要注意的是这里request值没有继承LimitRange配置的值，而是直接是我们在pod中配置的值，limit继承的是LimitRange的值

resources:
      limits:
        cpu: "1"
      requests:
        cpu: 750m

总结：

• 如果没有在pod内设置request和limit默认就继承在namespace中配置的LimitRange。
• 如果在pod只配置了Resource的limit没配置request，这时request值不会继承LimitRange配置的值而是直接根pod中配置limit相等。
• 如果在pod中配置了request没有配置limit，这时request值以pod中配置的为准，limit值以namespace中的LimitRange为主。

4. Network Policies
相同namespace的NetworkPolicy的隔离性
# 创建一个namespace
kubectl create namespace policy-demo
# 创建pod
kubectl run —namespace=policy-demo nginx —replicas=1 —image=nginx —labels=app=nginx

创建service
kubectl expose —namespace=policy-demo deployment nginx —port=80

测试访问正常
kubectl -n policy-demo run test —image=busybox:1.28 —labels=app=busybox —command — sleep 3600000 kubectl -n policy-demo exec -it test-6778df478f-gnkp8 — wget -q nginx -O -
结果：访问正常

创建NetworkPolicy规则

cat <<EOF> default-deny.yaml
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: default-deny
  namespace: policy-demo
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels: {}
EOF

kubectl create -f default-deny.yaml
此规则表示拒绝pod连接policy-demo namespace下的pod
测试
kubectl -n policy-demo exec -it test-6778df478f-gnkp8 — wget -q nginx -O -
wget: Download time out
可以看见被拒绝访问了
#添加允许规则

cat <<EOF> access-nginx.yaml
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: access-nginx
  namespace: policy-demo
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  ingress:
    - from:
      - podSelector:
          matchLabels:
            app: busybox
EOF

kubectl create -f access-nginx.yaml
这条规则意思，允许，label为 app:busyboxy的pod访问policy-demo namespace下label为app:nginx的pod
# 在次测试,可以访问成功
kubectl -n policy-demo exec -it test-6bdbf87b87-cx5r7 — wget -q nginx -O -\
结果：访问成功

创建一个不是app: busybox的pod去测试访问
kubectl -n policy-demo run demo —image=busybox:1.28 —labels=app=test —command — sleep 3600000 kubectl -n policy-demo exec -it demo-6778df478f-gnkp8 — wget -q nginx -O -
结果：wget：Download time out
结论：同namespace下可以使用Policy在限制pod与pod之间的访问

清空环境
kubectl delete namespace policy-demo

不同namespace pod的隔离性
创建两个namespace policy-demo、policy-demo2，然后在policy-demo里面创建nginx-pod和对应的service和busybox，在policy-demo2里面创建busybox，两个namespace的busybox去访问policy-demo里面的nginx

kubectl create namespace policy-demo kubectl create namespace policy-demo2
kubectl run —namespace=policy-demo nginx —replicas=1 —image=nginx —labels=app=nginx
kubectl expose —namespace=policy-demo deployment nginx —port=80
kubectl -n policy-demo2 run test —image=busybox:1.28 —labels=app=busybox —command — sleep 3600000

测试访问正常,还没设置NetworkPolicy时分别从policy-demo和policy-demo2两个namespace去busybox去访问nginx,访问成功。
需要注意的是 policy-demo2去访问要接上namespace名
kubectl -n policy-demo2 exec -it test-6778df478f-gnkp8 — wget -q nginx.policy-demo -O -

配置NetworkPolicy

cat <<EOF> default-deny.yaml
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: default-deny
  namespace: policy-demo
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels: {}
EOF

kubectl create -f default-deny.yaml
配置拒绝所有Policy，此时policy-demo2 namespace的busybox都不能访问了

配置允许policy-demo2下的app:busybox标签的POD访问policy-demo namespace下的app:nginx服务

cat <<EOF> namespace-access.yaml
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: namespace-access
  namespace: policy-demo
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  ingress:
    - from:
      - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
            project: policy-demo2
      - podSelector:
          matchLabels:
            app: busybox
EOF

kubectl create -f namespace-access.yaml
此时policy-demo2下的run:access标签的POD访问policy-demo namespace下的run：nginx服务，但其他标签不可以。
运行个run：access2标签的busybox去访问policy-demo namespace下的run：nginx服务
kubectl -n policy-demo2 exec -it test-6bdbf87b87-6vxkc — wget -q nginx.policy-demo -O -
结果：wget：Download time out

注意：

 - namespaceSelector:
          matchLabels:
            project: policy-demo2

是namespaces的标签，想要夸namespaces访问通过需要给namespaces打标签并添加到matchLabels里。
kubectl label namespaces policy-demo2 project=policy-demo2
# 在测试
kubectl -n policy-demo2 exec -it test-6bdbf87b87-6vxkc — wget -q nginx.policy-demo -O -

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

基于角色的访问权限配置
创建用户
# 使用root账户拷贝ca证书到指定目录下
mkdir /home/damon/certificate
cd /etc/kubernetes/ssl
cp kube-ca-key.pem kube-ca.pem /home/damon/certificate/
chown -R damon:damon /home/damon/

生成user密钥文件
(umask 077; openssl genrsa -out damon.key 2048)

创建证书签署请求
openssl req -new -key damon.key -out damon.csr -subj “/CN=damon/O=local”
注意：
CN=<填写username>
O=与集群名称一致,kubectl config get-contexts 查看

基于ca签署证书
openssl x509 -req -in damon.csr -CA kube-ca.pem -CAkey kube-ca-key.pem -CAcreateserial -out damon.crt -days 3650

验证证书
openssl x509 -noout -text -in damon.crt

配置集群信息
kubectl config set-cluster local \
—embed-certs=true —certificate-authority=kube-ca.pem \
—server=https://172.17.224.182:6443

配置客户端证书和密钥
kubectl config set-credentials damon \
—embed-certs=true \
—client-certificate=damon.crt \
—client-key=damon.key

设置上下文
kubectl config set-context damon@local —cluster=local —user=damon

查看上下文
kubectl config get-contexts

切换上下文
kubectl config use-context damon@local

Role和RoleBinding创建
# 创建角色 定义这个角色只能对default这个namespace 执行get、watch、list权限 定义角色

cat << EOF > role.yaml
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""] # 空字符串""表明使用core API group
  resources: ["pods"]
  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
---
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: read-pods
  namespace: default
subjects:
- kind: User
  name: damon
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: pod-reader
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
EOF

使用admin创建
kubectl apply -f role.yaml

检查
kubectl get role
kubectl get rolebinding

kubectl get pod
kubectl get nodes
get pod可以但get node不行，因为我们刚刚配置role只有pod权限

删除pod看看
kubectl delete pod/http-app-844765cb6c-nfp7l Error from server (Forbidden): pods “http-app-844765cb6c-nfp7l” is forbidden: User “test-cka” cannot delete pods in the namespace “default”

你会发现也删不掉，因为我们role里面配置的权限是watch和list和get

kubectl get pod -n kube-system No resources found. Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User “test-cka”” cannot list pods in the namespace “kube-system” [root@master pki]#

可以看见damon这个用户只能访问default这个namespace的pod资源，其他的namespace都访问不了，同样namespace的其他资源也访问不了

ClusterRole和ClusterRoleBinding创建

cat << EOF > cluster_role.yaml
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
 name: secret-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["nodes"]
  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: read-secrets-global
subjects:
- kind: User
  name: damon
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: secret-reader
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
EOF

**
# 创建
kubectl apply -f cluster_role.yaml

**