图标提供了一种我们都熟悉的视觉速记形式。它们可以在最小的空间内快速有效地标记，告知和帮助导航，这使其在有限的数字环境以及图表，地图和其他形式的视觉通讯中非常有用。
已有 40,800 多年的历史，“这是目前欧洲历史最悠久的艺术品，至少已有 4,000 年的历史。” 资料来源：http：//goo.gl/qiWTWQ
对于超过 40000 里，人类已经使用 SY 传达米波士和图片，早在开发任何形式的书面语言。图形符号是古埃及象形文字和汉字甚至现代语音字母的核心。如今，世界各地讲大约 7000 种语言和不计其数的方言。超越这些界限的一种语言不是由单词构成的，而是由图像构成的。
盖德 · 阿恩茨（Gerd Arntz）正在开发被称为 “同型” 的国际语言（国际印刷图片教育系统）
在 1930 年代，经济学家和社会科学家奥托 · 尼拉特（Otto Neurath，1882-1945 年）委托图形艺术家 Gerd Arntz（1900-1988 年）开发了 Isotype，即国际印刷图片教育系统。除了首字母缩略词（尽管不太可能是巧合）外，Isotype（希腊字母）是希腊语，表示 “相同的符号”。同构型的产生源于 Neurath 的信念，即世界需要一种统一的国际视觉语言来支持（但不能替代）世界上的每种口头语言。同型视觉词典由 Arntz 设计的 4000 多个符号组成。
“言语分裂，图像团结”- 奥托 · 尼拉特（Otto Neurath）
Neurath 的原则仍然具有现实意义，并继续为当今的通讯设计师提供帮助。
- 基本图像应能说明一切，并可以重复使用，以使它们变得熟悉。
- In order to achieve an undisturbed composition, the basic images should be in black and white whenever possible;
- Other images should use a limited spectrum of colours;
- The compositions should be laid out without perspective, which would distort the basic images and diminish their legibility;
- The image for ‘shoe’, for instance, would be combined with that for ‘factory’ to form the symbol for ‘shoe factory’;
- In quantitative statistics, the basic image would represent an amount, which was varied by adding more or less of the basic image. The image itself would always be at the same size;
- Numbers, other than for years, should be avoided as much as possible;
- Visual statistics should be readable like a book, which means from left to right, top to bottom;
- Images representing amounts were used diachronically and synchronically;
- When analysing development or characteristics of countries, geographical maps were used as background;
- Each chart should tell a story
(Annink & Bruinsma 2008)
Interface icons are usually either a pictogram, ideogram or arbitrary symbol, representing either tool, function or navigation. A pictogram is a pictorial symbol of a word or phrase, for example an image of fire (signifier) could be used to represent fire (signified). Ideograms symbolise the idea of a thing without the literal representation, for example an image of smoke (signifier) could also be used to represent fire (signified).
Arbitrary icons have no obvious link to the physical object they represent and must be learned rather than deducted. It is also important to realise that all these icons are not viewed in isolation but in the context of their environment (the interface). Context is essential in order for their meaning to be understood.
“Many of the signs we use to communicate are arbitrary in the sense that they are not immediately transparent to us. For this reason they have to be learnt with the conventions of the language in which they are embedded before they can be used.”
- Hall (2007)
Play
The play icon first appeared on the real-to-real tape decks during the mid-1960s, sometimes with an additional triangle to represent fast-forward or rewind, with the triangles pointing in the direction the tape would wind. Play/pause symbols can now be found on any device capable of playing media and are universally used to control and represent media on-line.
Apple cmd
This symbol was designed by Susan Kare for the Apple’s early OS. In Sweden the symbol indicates a ‘noteworthy attraction’ in a campground, also known as the Gorgon loop.
USB
The USB icon was based on Neptune’s Trident, the Dreizack. The end of each point was replaced with a circle, square and triangle intended to represent the many different peripherals that could be connected using this single connection type.
今天，在数字通信设计的背景下，“图标” 一词代表了各种图像类型，从基本的单色图标到全彩色逼真的应用程序图标。以下定义了一些最常见的数字图标类型。
网站图示
在浏览器地址栏和应用主屏幕中可以找到，几乎总是网站徽标的较小版本。
应用
这些图标可以是真实照片，并代表数字应用程序。
功能图标
用于信息设计或说明的图标。
界面
用户界面图标或 UI 图标可以象征命令，文件，内容类型或设备。这些图标有助于导航并突出显示操作和功能。
https://medium.com/@pdtv/a-brief-history-of-iconography-c20d8a0cc2c4#.aargvrbra
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