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用词准确（动词，形容词，副词，情态动词）；
句式多变（定语，状语从句+ed+ing+adj；插入语, 让步，倒装，强调，特殊）

文章骨架

¨ 逻辑词

引入

first of all首先
to begin with首先
to start with首先
to outline the main points以概述要点
in order to decide whether or not要想对……做出抉择

承接

previously在此之前
preceding this在此之前
prior to this在此之前
next接下来
since then在此之后
afterwards在此之后
following this在此之后

最后

to end with最后
eventually最后
ultimately最后
finally最后
last but not least最后

因果

because因为
because of this因此
since由于
as由于
for因为
owing to由于
due to由于
for the reason that…由于
in view of
in that 因为
to that end
for such a reason由于
as a result of由……导致
therefore
there by 因此
consequently因此
as a result因此
thus所以
hence所以
so所以
so that所以
in consequence所以
as a consequence所以
consequently所以
accordingly 因此
inevitably 不可避免地
under these conditions在这种情况下
be attributed to, attributed sth to 归咎于
Cause/result in/lead to/induce/ is the cause of 导致、造成

转折

but 但是
even so 即使如此
however 然而
even though 虽然
reckless of 尽管
despite 尽管
in spite of 尽管
regardless of 尽管
while…yet…尽管……但是……
unless 除非
nevertheless 然而
whereas 然而
although 虽然
though 虽然
on the contrary 恰恰相反
nonetheless 然而
In fact/in reality/actually 事实上

并列
and和
also也
too也
as well as和
meanwhile同时
at the same time同时
simultaneously同时
both…and………和……两者都
for one thing… for another…一方面……另一方面……
on the one hand… on the other hand…一方面……另一方面……
not only…but also…既……又……

递进

furthermore此外
moreover此外
further此外
still还要，更
not…but…不但……而且……
in addition (to)此外
additionally进一步
more specifically更具体地说
next其次
besides另外
moreover而且
furthermore而且
in other words换言之
even甚至
above all尤其是
to make things better(worse)使事情变得更好（更糟）

比较

similarly类似地
like类似地
likewise类似地
in comparison with与……比较而言
when compared with与……比较而言
compared with与……比较而言
similarly important同样重要
as well as同样
in the same way同样

对照

yet但是，然而
still但是，然而
for all of that尽管如此
rather更准确地说
neither … nor既不……也不……
although虽然
though虽然
but但是
however但是
something is just the other way around恰恰相反
conversely相反地
opposed to相反地
in contrast相反地
on the contrary相反地
contrary to相反地
different from this与……不同
nevertheless与……不同
unlike与……不同
whereas然而
while然而
to draw/make a comparison between… and …对比……和……

举例

for example例如
for instance例如
in this case例如
namely例如
like例如
such as例如
a case in point例如
as is known to all众所周知
in particular尤其；特别
including包括
put it simply简单来说
stated roughly大致说来
as an illustration作为例子
to detail this, I would like to…为了详细说明这一点，我想……
a good example would be…一个很好的例子是……
It is interesting to note that…值得注意的是……
take the case of…就……的例子来说
take…as example以……为例
as regards关于
according to根据
on this occasion在这种情况下
to illustrate this point为了说明这一点
et cetera等等
and so on等等
and so forth等等

例外

apart from除……之外
except除……之外
with the exception from除……之外

强调

in fact实际上
especially尤其
particularly尤其
moreover尤其
naturally顺理成章地
what is particular值得特别关注的是
not to mention不用说；更不必说
believe it or not信不信由你
undeniably毫无疑问
it is certain／sure that…可以肯定的是……
by definition顾名思义
definitely确切地
undoubtedly毫无疑问
without a doubt毫无疑问
in truth事实上
in any event无论如何；不管怎样
without reservation毫无保留地
obviously显然
not only不仅仅

条件

if如果
when当……的时候
unless除非
lest以免
provided that假如
if it is the case如果是这样的话
in this sense从这种意义上来说
once一旦
if possible如果可能
if necessary如有必要
if so如果是这样
if anything要说真有什么的话

归纳总结

in other words换言之
therefore因此
hence因此
in short简而言之
in brief简而言之
to put it in a nutshell简而言之
in general总体上来说
generally总体上来说
in sum总体上来说
to sum up总体上来说
in conclusion总体上来说
in summary总体上来说
to conclude总体上来说
in conclusion总体上来说
the conclusion can be drawn that…总体上来说
on the whole总体上来说
to sum up总体上来说
all in all总体上来说
to summarize总体上来说
basically基本上
in all respects在各个方面
in many ways在各个方面
in many/most cases在各个方面
I find it difficult to reach a conclusion but I’m tempted to say我觉得很难得出结论，但我想说……
we can draw the conclusion我们可以得出结论

方位

beyond在（或向）……较远的一边；超出
opposite to在对面
adjacent to比邻于；毗连
at the same place在同样的地方
there哪里
over在……之上
in the middle在中间
around在周围
in front of在……之前
in the distance在远处
farther更远的地方
here and there在各处；零散地
above在……之上
below在……之下
between在两者之间
on this side在这一边

目的

with the object to 以为目的
for this purpose 以此为目的
in order that为了
since由于；既然
so that因此；以便
on that account为了那个缘故
以防；免得以防；免得
with a view to为了；以便
for the same reason同理

重申

in other words换言之
that is to say换言之
namely换言之
to put it in another way换言之
again又一次；再次
once again又一次；再次

时间

at once立刻
immediately立刻
in the meantime同时
meanwhile同时
at the same time同时
in the end最终
at length最终
then然后
soon不久之后
not long after不久之后
later后来
at last最后
finally最后
some time ago前些时；一段时间以前
at present现在
all of a sudden突然
from this time on从这时起
since then从那时起
from time to time间或；偶尔
when在……的时候
whenever无论何时
a few minutes later几分钟之后
formerly以前
as在……的时候
once一旦
since自从
occasionally偶尔
in a moment一会儿，马上
shortly一会儿，马上
whereupon然后；于是
previously（一段时间）以前

结果

accordingly因此
thus因此
consequently因此
hence因此
hence因此
thereupon因此
inevitably难以避免地
under these conditions在这样的情况下
under these circumstances在这样的情况下
as a result结果
in consequence结果
consequently结果
so that因此；以便
so因此
so… that太……以致于……

依据

with reference to根据
regarding根据
as regards根据
as far as… is concerned根据
according to根据

个人观点

I believe我认为……
as far as I know据我所知
as far as I am concerned据我所知
in my opinion据我所知
to my mind据我所知
in my view据我所知
I am convinced that我相信……
I firmly believe that我坚信……

同意

I entirely / absolutely agree with我完全同意……
that’s exactly my own view这正是我的观点
I’m of exactly the same opinion我的看法完全一样
that’s perfectly true（以上观点）完全正确
I’d like to support this view我倾向于支持该观点

不同意

I partly disagree with我一定程度上同意
I don’t entirely agree with我不完全同同意
I agree in principle, but原则上我同意，但是……
That’s not the way I see it我的看法与之不同
I see things rather differently myself我的看法与之不同
I’m not at all convinced that我一点都不同意……
I’m not absolutely sure我对……不敢下定论

¨ 句子

定语从句：

关系代词引导

Unlike the traditional probabilistic methods which require a large amount of measurement data to …
A field load test that… was applied to/ procedure that is based on..is also used to/ a simulation that includes is performed

关系副词引导
The most unfavorable longitudinal position can be determined by using a simple method in which the bridge is modeled as a beam on which a series of concentrated forces corresponding to the vehicle axle weight are applied while the influence lines are used
Although these results may not be comparable, this significant difference can still serve as a reminder for engineers in practice that field test results are still the most dependable data to be relied upon in cases wherelarge discrepancy exists.

动词过去式
The model presented in this paper/ were compared with those acquired from

非限定性
O’Brien et al. (2006) pointed out that the DAE is vehicle-specific and proposed the bridge roughness index (BRI), which is independent of vehicle properties, as an indicator of the DAF.
As a result, larger DAFs will be produced, which is similar to the findings by Liu et al. (2001) and Liu et al. (2002).
which in turn are
状语从句

时间状语when+ ed (when compared..), while, until(+V-ing)
地点状语where
结果状语so … that, such … that, proving/causing/underscoring/ affecting the importance…(ing); adv + ing(thus discounting)
原因状语because, since, due to,
目的状语 so that, in order that, to…,doing(determining)
条件状语if, provided that, with …, given,using/building upon recent developments in..(-ing)/by means of/under/according to/combining /From a historical perspective/as referenced in/ By comparison,/ In recognizing the significance of (前置)…
让步状语although, even if, in spite of the fact that, even though, though

¨ 冠词 the 和 an

名词一般不会单独出现

With more and more traffic on the bridge, prediction of the vehicle-induced dynamic amplification of the bridge has been increasingly important
Nonetheless, this definition is used in most studies because of its convenience of use and accordance with the design purpose.
A static load test is usually carried out first to determine the unfavorable loading scenario and the maximum static response of the bridge to provide a reference for the calculation of IM.

¨ 语法

强调

indicating the need to develop a more accurate assessment method for IM. It is the objective of this paper to review and summarize the important methodologies and findings on the study of…

倒装
In no case is any specific recommendation included that could not be accomplished by presently available techniques and equipment.
Rarely is there any simple road roughness measure.

时态
过去式与完成式，与现在有无“联系”
Numerous studies have been conducted to…
It has been proven that
An investigation was carried out to…

人称
一般使用第三人称they/the authors，he和she用的不多
不用第一人称，用被动式代替
We use vertical distributed force or multi-point contact to simplify the tire contact.
The tire contact forces are represented by a series of vertically distributed forces.
The reduction are achieved through…/can be improved using

单复数

一般情况
就近原则
or, either …or, nor, neither…nor, whether…or
就远原则
as well as, together/along/combined with, rather than, but, except, besides

词性

单词替换使用 e.g., Complicated complex sophisticated
有些单词有固定搭配动词后介词
注意及物与否

巧用副词，形容词：
The study further proposes that；with acceptable accuracy; a general approach for; typical range of; the proposed method is robust and computationally efficient for; using only/overly; a safe and more realistic estimation of; is able to; traditionally; unreasonable/inappropriate; relatively/; in-depth; jointly; clearly; all-encompassing; widely/prevalently/primarily; tend to/; initially/; previously/currently/historical; novel/new/innovative/promising alternative/ conservative; increasingly; especially; More recently; as well as; critical scenarios with; daunting, even for, titled/entitled; rather than; subject to; modified/** simplified/ refined; extensive/further investigation on; specified for; experimentally; all-encompassing/systematic; review/assessment**

不确定单词用法时：
查例句 google，有道，看有无相关用法及这样用是否常见
了解单词的英文释义 Merriam-Webster

常用的缩写：
e.g. 相当于 for example
i.e. 相当于 namely，in other words

内容描述

常用的表明

Suggest, indicate, imply
可以用在定语从句or动名词
In reality, the speed of vehicle, as a random parameter, varies from one vehicle to another and from time to time, suggesting that (which suggests) it is difficult to account for the effect of speed on the IM in bridge design and assessment.
特殊句式：
Not only by。。。but also by
is neither feasible nor cost effective
常用的程度
the extent to which
The degree to which
shall be limited to an extent

常用的有关, 和

Associated with/ correlated with/ related to/ concerning/regarding/coupled with/with respect to/ in terms of (找点例句)

常见短语

提供：Offer, provide
认为：deem, confirm
增加：grow/increase
利用：use/take advantage of
在这里：In this context/paper/study/research
初期：rudimentary; nascent;
优点：advantageous characteristics of…such as
考虑: took into account the/were taken into account
Predict with good accuracy
alternative approach
methodology/method/way/approach
consider sth to be
the study of such decks is a matter of special interest.
列举：because of the following characteristics:/such as/like/ One approach to…is as follows ():
有必要：are required/necessary
Assess/evaluate
In this context,

常用的基于

Given, based on, with, as..

描述重要性

is an important and long-standing issue in/ is one of the primary concerns in
has received much attention from researchers and engineers.
has been widely accepted in bridge engineering.
Accurate evaluation of… will lead to safe and economical design of
provide valuable information for
is a well-accepted measure of/is crucial for
exhibit unique features which are not present in… such as…
have heightened concern about/toward/ there is a need to/ necessitates a need/These constraints akes it desirable to develop/are needed/required、Although , they do highlight the importance of/ necessitates a systematic assessment of/ These constraints makes it desirable to develop an … that…(间接型)
Driven by the need for…, have played an important role in
requires accurate…and good understanding of/…are required
re one potential technology that could fulfill this requirement.
…, often used as…, can exhibit… . have/can produced…(not good)
is essential for/gains in importance with/are important for/plays an important/a critical role in/ becomes a critical issue for
An important application of … is…/ it is of first importance that/ serve as backbones for/ represent a critical component of/ are well established in the literature and play an important role in/ is an equally important issue in and has received increasing attention in recent years (). / It becomes imperative when (直接型)
necessitates clear understanding and accurate modeling of/
are usually employed/ are frequently constructed using

描述有问题 (直接型)

were also more vulnerable to … than/…are not well addressed/ are classiﬁed as/labeled structurally deﬁcient/obsolete/ One of the most critical issues in / has a documented history of problems/ not all bridges can be of this type/ has faced some obstacles that preclude the widespread use of this technology/However, it may not be possible to/ is very limited to reduce/ challenges with…are limitations to this method / remains the main challenges with (对象本身有问题)
/are not always easily obtained / makes them susceptible to / However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding/ result in a critical missing link in the understanding of/ fall short of providing information related to/ there is very limited information available on/ does not provide much information on/much information is not provided in/ However, there are very few in-depth analyses of/ few studies have been developed on this topic./ Such an assumed pattern obviously differs from reality that/ with each judgment founded on personal experience./ The present bridge desing specifications (AASHTO 2010) are somewhat unclear in terms of…, the design code mainly recommends（研究有问题）
are not the only reasons why…, such as
typically encounter a wide assortment of maintenance issues ranging from
showed some limitation, especially in/ most of the published works are on…, and few works have been found to investigate
recent analysis, however, considered only…/ There is limited information available to evaluate/ However, these estimations are often accurate only for
such an assumption differs significantly from reality
However, because of the novelty of the…, its structural behavior is not yet completely understood.
Previously, numerous studies have been conducted to /many studies focused on the … while/however little attention was paid to…/most studies focused on…; few studies have been carried out to/ However, no comparison was made between(比较型)
, which was not explicitly considered in the current design methodology

描述文献

The most detailed literature in this area is/ have investigated the/ and have recommended/ In references such as
Based on best practices obtained from an international literature review, they have discussed/ can be found in the paper by M
For a recent overview of WIM systems, see J and F ()./As a first step to…, these studies have considered
One such method is that proposed by G and M (), who/ Another method is that proposed by Moses(), who/ Moses (2011) recommends that../ Moses also refer to the use of
It is known that/ performed a review of/ There is also a study that
Previously, some researchers developed analysis equations based on
In other relevant studies,P and B experimentally studied the hebavior and performance of … strengthened with … by considering
Another study by DS resulted in the proposal of.. capable of/ Although some researchers have pointed out
During the past few decaseds. Several researchers have used the/ Over the last two decades, a great number of experimental and analytical studies have been conducted to/ These studies have lead to
In these studies, numerous efforts were concertrated on
Refined analyses also were conducted by Q and Z to
In a series of recent studies/ Early models proposed for/ Several studies have validated and calibrated behavior models by
The disadvantages of this approach became obvious in following studies, when…were recognized and reported by a number of research groups[]. Subsequent research efforts have led to the development of a large number of
As have previously been illustrated in/ are often not sufficient to ensure the accuracy of model predictions
D provided a literature review of/ W offered an introduction to/ S discussed the economic advantage of
However, this method needs refinement, and may not be able to
In summary, there is no known documentation that lays down the specific problems shown in…
As stated explicitly in the code(), which

说创新
a new approach for the application of…has been presented/ This paper presents a novel approach to
While many studies have been conducted on…, only a very limited amount of research has been conducted on the
A new type of…was proposed to improve…/ The current study /paper proposes/presents a new/novel analytical model/method/approach for/to…strengthened with…/The conventional is modified to consider the influence of … as an external reinforcement of …/ The application of…represents one such innovative solution
It is, therefore, the main goal of this study is to
Based on the previous works by the writers, a framework of…is introduced which …
To characterize the phenomena and the effects on…, an investigation was undertaken.
Presently no methods are established to evaluate the…. To overcome these limitations,…
Given the magnitude of research conducted on…in the past two decades, a comprehensive review of the literature, where…, has became essential to gain a clearer view of
that were previously deemed / Novel to this investigation is…
Owing to the lack of intensive investigation on…, are not clear.
To fill in the gaps, … were carried out in this study as follows:
For the current study, an analytical model was developed to obtain
To validated the proposed approach, + 说内容
can be extended to…to help provide..that…
This paper builds from this foundation of research with an objective of

描述内容(被动式)
An analytical model of a bridge column was developed, calibrated, and validated to facilitate the quantitative evaluation of the
Finite-element analyses of the test specimens, using the effective notch stress method, were performed to supplement the laboratory testing and provide additional information on the behavior of
This case study investigates the performance of/ The measurements from…are compared with conventional
It is the intent of this study to investigate…/ Laboratory tests were conducted on… to establish the relationship between/ and the fatigue potential was evaluated/discussed/ The goal of this study was to
Was developed/achieved/established/assessed/simulated/illustrated/performed/demonstrated using/ The model was calibrated using/ The concept is numerically validated using（状语从句）
was compiled and compared with/ was implemented to
Based on these observations, a number of recommendations regardingfuture research directions are also outlined.
a simulation that includes is performed(定语从句)

定语后置&插入语

the losses caused by/regionaffected by/ induced by/ cracking initiated from/ investigation reported/contained in this paper
…, including/involving…, /using… incorporated with../as specified by
, both measured and artificially generated/ capable of
牛x：increased stiffness in this direction, achieved by incorporating longitudinal beams connected to the underside of the slab, for example, greatly improves this structural design’s dynamic behavior.
牛x：Other authors, such as Zhu and Law have used plate-type formulations, applied only to road bridges, to compare the behavior of slab-type bridges, when modeled as either beams or as plates.
宾语从句后插入语：confirms that, _comprared with traditional engineering approaches, _the…
,such as,/,on the other hand, “and, if so”, so far,

描述结果，现象

It can be found that/It can be observed that/It can be seen that/It is worth noting that/It is obvious that/Of interest is the fact that/It is interesting to note that/is shown to be/They identified that , which has a significant influence on/it was evident that
As expected, …/was deemed practically insignificant
and good agreement between … was found.
As a result of adopting the new analytical model, …
The analysis results showed a good correlation with the observed/ The predicted results correlated well with test data.

结果的含义，意义

This implies/indicates/suggests that/appear to… , which is especially important
Is crucial for providing deeper insight into its structural behavior and validating the current design assumptions/shed light on
May provide a basis for../ The model presented in this paper should serve as a benchmark for further applications/ might be conducive to the longtime behavior.
Results are applicable for evaluation of

解释原因

This is probably because/This phenomenon can be accounted by/The main reason for this is that
与之前的发现相似
Similar to/consistent with previous findings/which was also reported by/similarly
不一定
Not necessarily
有影响
have influence on/has an impact on/have effect on/Affect/is essential to
没有规律
Irregular pattern/inconclusive relationship /indefinable relationship/no correlation
不一致
No consensus has been reached/There is no agreement on…
似乎
Appear, seem

[20200712] 论文写作常用表达