openpyxl官方手册

教程 Tutorial

创建excel文件 Create a workbook

There is no need to create a file on the filesystem to get started with openpyxl. Just import the Workbook class and start work:
开始使用openpyxl时，无需在文件系统中创建文件，只要导入workbook类就可以了：

  1. >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
  2. >>> wb = Workbook()

A workbook is always created with at least one worksheet. You can get it by using the Workbook.active property:
至少有一个工作表在工作簿创建后,可以通过Workbook.active属性来定位到工作表：

  1. >>> ws = wb.active

Note This is set to 0 by default. Unless you modify its value, you will always get the first worksheet by using this method. 该工作簿的默认索引是从0开始。除非索引值被修改，否则使用这个方法将总是获取第一个工作表。

You can create new worksheets using the Workbook.create_sheet() method:
可以使用Workbook.create_sheet()方法来创建新工作表

  1. >>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # 插入到最后 (默认)
  2. >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # 插入到最前  
  3. >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # 插入到倒数第二

Sheets are given a name automatically when they are created. They are numbered in sequence (Sheet, Sheet1, Sheet2, …). You can change this name at any time with the Worksheet.title property:
工作表将在创建时按照数字序列自动命名（如Sheet，Sheet1，Sheet2，……）。可以在任何时候通过Worksheet.title属性修改工作表名：

  1. >>>ws.title = "New Title"

The background color of the tab holding this title is white by default. You can change this providing an RRGGBB color code to the Worksheet.sheet_properties.tabColor attribute:
创建的工作表的标签背景色默认是白色。可以通过在Worksheet.sheet_properties.tabColor对象中设置RRGGBB格式的颜色代码进行修改：

  1. >>>ws.sheet_properties.tabColor = "1072BA"

Once you gave a worksheet a name, you can get it as a key of the workbook:
当设置了worksheet名称，可以将名称作为工作表的索引：

  1. >>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]

You can review the names of all worksheets of the workbook with the Workbook.sheetname attribute
可以通过Workbook.sheetname对象来查看工作簿中所有工作表的名称

  1. >>> print(wb.sheetnames)
  2. ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']

You can loop through worksheets
可以遍历整个工作簿：

  1. >>> for sheet in wb:
  2. ...     print(sheet.title)

You can create copies of worksheets within a single workbook:
Workbook.copy_worksheet() method:
可以使用Workbook.copy_worksheet()方法来创建一个工作簿中所有表的副本：

  1. >>> source = wb.active
  2. >>> target = wb.copy_worksheet(source)

Note Only cells (including values, styles, hyperlinks and comments) and certain worksheet attribues (including dimensions, format and properties) are copied. All other workbook / worksheet attributes are not copied - e.g. Images, Charts. 只有单元格（包括值、样式、超链接、备注）和一些工作表对象（包括尺寸、格式和参数）会被复制。其他属性不会被复制，如图片、图表。 You also cannot copy worksheets between workbooks. You cannot copy a worksheet if the workbook is open in read-only or write-only mode. 无法在两个工作簿中复制工作表。当工作簿处于只读或只写状态时也无法复制工作表。

数据操作 Playing with data

访问一个单元格 Accessing one cell

Now we know how to get a worksheet, we can start modifying cells content. Cells can be accessed directly as keys of the worksheet:
现在我们知道如何获取一个工作表，我们可以开始修改单元格内容。单元格可以通过工作表中的索引直接访问：

  1. >>> c = ws['A4']

This will return the cell at A4, or create one if it does not exist yet. Values can be directly assigned:
这将返回位于“A4”的单元格内容，如果不存在则创建一个。可以直接对单元格进行赋值：

  1. >>> ws['A4'] = 4

There is also the Worksheet.cell() method.
这是Worksheet.cell()的方法。
This provides access to cells using row and column notation:
工具支持通过行列号访问单元格：

  1. >>> d = ws.cell(row=4, column=2, value=10)

Note When a worksheet is created in memory, it contains no cells. They are created when first accessed. 当在内存中创建工作表后，表中不包含任何单元格。单元格将在第一次访问时创建。

Warning Because of this feature, scrolling through cells instead of accessing them directly will create them all in memory, even if you don’t assign them a value.Something like 因为这种特性，遍历而不是访问这些单元格将在内存中全部创建它们，即使并没有给它们赋值。比如说

  1. >>>for x in range(1,101):  
  2. ...     for y in range(1,101):  
  4. ...         ws.cell(row=x, column=y)

访问多个单元格 Accessing many cells

Ranges of cells can be accessed using slicing:
可以通过切片访问一个范围内的单元格：

  1. >>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']

Ranges of rows or columns can be obtained similarly:
行或列的单元格也可以通过类似的方法访问：

  1. >>> colC = ws['C']
  2. >>> col_range = ws['C:D']
  3. >>> row10 = ws[10]
  4. >>> row_range = ws[5:10]

You can also use the Worksheet.iter_rows() method:
同样也可以使用Worksheet.iter_rows()方法：

  1. >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
  2. ...    for cell in row:
  3. ...        print(cell)
  4. <Cell Sheet1.A1>
  5. <Cell Sheet1.B1>
  6. <Cell Sheet1.C1>
  7. <Cell Sheet1.A2>
  8. <Cell Sheet1.B2>
  9. <Cell Sheet1.C2>

Likewise the Worksheet.iter_cols() method will return columns:
类似的，使用Worksheet.iter_cols()方法将返回列：

  1. >>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
  2. ...     for cell in col:
  3. ...         print(cell)
  4. <Cell Sheet1.A1>
  5. <Cell Sheet1.A2>
  6. <Cell Sheet1.B1>
  7. <Cell Sheet1.B2>
  8. <Cell Sheet1.C1>
  9. <Cell Sheet1.C2>

Note For performance reasons the Worksheet.iter_cols() method is not available in read-only mode. 出于性能考虑，Worksheet.iter_cols()方法不支持在只读模式使用

If you need to iterate through all the rows or columns of a file, you can instead use the Worksheet.rows property:
如果需要遍历文件内的所有行和列，可以使用Worksheet.rows属性：

  1. >>> ws = wb.active
  2. >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'
  3. >>> tuple(ws.rows)
  4. ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>),
  5. (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>),
  6. (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>),
  7. (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>),
  8. (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>),
  9. (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>),
  10. (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>),
  11. (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>),
  12. (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))

or the Worksheet.columns property:
或者Worksheet.columns属性

  1. >>> tuple(ws.columns)
  2. ((<Cell Sheet.A1>,
  3. <Cell Sheet.A2>,
  4. <Cell Sheet.A3>,
  5. <Cell Sheet.A4>,
  6. <Cell Sheet.A5>,
  7. <Cell Sheet.A6>,
  8. ...
  9. <Cell Sheet.B7>,
  10. <Cell Sheet.B8>,
  11. <Cell Sheet.B9>),
  12. (<Cell Sheet.C1>,
  13. <Cell Sheet.C2>,
  14. <Cell Sheet.C3>,
  15. <Cell Sheet.C4>,
  16. <Cell Sheet.C5>,
  17. <Cell Sheet.C6>,
  18. <Cell Sheet.C7>,
  19. <Cell Sheet.C8>,
  20. <Cell Sheet.C9>))

Note For performance reasons the Worksheet.columns property is not available in read-only mode. 处于性能原因，Worksheet.columns属性不支持只读模式

取值 Values only

If you just want the values from a worksheet you can use the Worksheet.values property. This iterates over all the rows in a worksheet but returns just the cell values:
如果只需要从工作表中获取值，可以使用Worksheet.values属性。这将遍历工作表中所有行，但只返回单元格值：

  1. for row in ws.values:
  2.    for value in row:
  3.      print(value)

Both Worksheet.iter_rows() and Worksheet.iter_cols() can take the values_only parameter to return just the cell’s value:
Worksheet.iter_rows()和Worksheet.iter_cols()可以只返回单元格值：

  1. >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True):
  2. ...   print(row)
  3. (None, None, None)
  4. (None, None, None)

赋值 Data storage

Once we have a Cell, we can assign it a value:
当我们创建了一个单元格对象，我们可以对其赋值：

  1. >>> c.value = 'hello, world'
  2. >>> print(c.value)
  3. 'hello, world'
  4. >>> d.value = 3.14
  5. >>> print(d.value)
  6. 3.14

保存 Saving to a file

The simplest and safest way to save a workbook is by using the Workbook.save() method of the Workbook object:
对Workbook对象使用Workbook.save() 方法可以简单安全的保存工作簿：

  1. >>> wb = Workbook()
  2. >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')

Warning This operation will overwrite existing files without warning. 该操作将覆盖同名文件，而不会有任何警告

Note The filename extension is not forced to be xlsx or xlsm, although you might have some trouble opening it directly with another application if you don’t use an official extension. 文件扩展名不强制为xlsx或xlsm，如果你没有使用常用的扩展名，在使用其他应用打开该文件时可能存在一些异常。 As OOXML files are basically ZIP files, you can also open it with your favourite ZIP archive manager. 因为OOXML文件是基于zip文件，你也可以使用常用的解压软件打开。

以流方式存储 Saving as a stream

If you want to save the file to a stream, e.g. when using a web application such as Pyramid, Flask or Django then you can simply provide a NamedTemporaryFile():
如果需要通过流方式存储文件，比如使用web应用如Pyramid,Flask或Django，你可以使用NamedTemporaryFile()方法：

  1. >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
  2. >>> wb.template = True
  3. >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx')

or set this attribute to False (default), to save as a document:
或设置这个对象为False：

  1. >>> wb = load_workbook('document_template.xltx')
  2. >>> wb.template = False
  3. >>> wb.save('document.xlsx', as_template=False)

Warning You should monitor the data attributes and document extensions for saving documents in the document templates and vice versa, otherwise the result table engine can not open the document.

Note The following will fail:

  1. >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
  2. >>> # Need to save with the extension *.xlsx
  3. >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
  4. >>> # MS Excel can't open the document
  5. >>>
  6. >>> # or
  7. >>>
  8. >>> # Need specify attribute keep_vba=True
  9. >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsm')
  10. >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
  11. >>> # MS Excel will not open the document
  12. >>>
  13. >>> # or
  14. >>>
  15. >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xltm', keep_vba=True)
  16. >>> # If we need a template document, then we must specify extension as *.xltm.
  17. >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
  18. >>> # MS Excel will not open the document

读取文件 Loading from a file

The same way as writing, you can use the openpyxl.load_workbook() to open an existing workbook:
和写操作一样，可以使用openpyxl.load_workbook()打开存在的工作簿：

  1. >>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
  2. >>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')
  3. >>> print wb2.sheetnames
  4. ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']

作者：老年程序员
链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/3f348b7552a7
来源：简书
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