https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/

10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design
Summary: Jakob Nielsen’s 10 general principles for interaction design. They are called “heuristics” because they are broad rules of thumb and not specific usability guidelines.
By Jakob Nielsen on Apr. 24, 1994; Updated Nov. 15, 2020
Topics: Heuristic Evaluation, Human Computer Interaction, Web Usability

这里有个简介，雅各布·尼尔森是交互设计的10个基本原则。他们叫做“启发性”，因为他们有宽敞的标准去摆弄和不是特别的可用性指导方针。

“也就是不需要100%遵守，可以因地制宜。发散自己的想象力。通常用在寻找优化问题的时候。对一个优化课题，拿10大启发性一条一条对着，会比可用性快一点。10条和100条的对比嘛”

1: Visibility of system status
The design should always keep users informed about what is going on, through appropriate feedback within a reasonable amount of time.

1.系统状态的可见性
设计应该总是保持用户对将要发生什么的了解。通过适当的在一个合理时间衔接的反馈

When users know the current system status, they learn the outcome of their prior interactions and determine next steps. Predictable interactions create trust in the product as well as the brand.

当用户知道当前的系统状态时，他们了解他们交互造成的结局和下一步的决定。可预测的互动创造信任，在产品的品牌。

Tips

• Communicate clearly to users what the system’s state is — no action with consequences to users should be taken without informing them.
• Present feedback to the user as quickly as possible (ideally, immediately).
• Build trust through open and continuous communication.

与用户沟通清晰系统的状态-没有动作的后果（影响）是用户应该做的，没有通知他们之前

现在反馈给用户尽可能地快（理想的，立即的）

建立信任，通过开放和持续地交流

Example of Usability Heuristic #1:
“You Are Here” indicators on mall maps have to show people where they currently are, to help them understand where to go next.
可用性启发的例子：

“你在这里”的导向在商场的地图上不得不去表现人们目前在什么地方，去帮助他们理解下一步怎么做。

2: Match between system and the real world
The design should speak the users’ language. Use words, phrases, and concepts familiar to the user, rather than internal jargon. Follow real-world conventions, making information appear in a natural and logical order.

匹配系统和真实世界
设计应该说用户的语言。使用单词，短语，和用户熟悉的概念，而不是内部行话。通过真实世界的惯例，制造信息出现在自然和逻辑的流程。

The way you should design depends very much on your specific users. Terms, concepts, icons, and images that seem perfectly clear to you and your colleagues may be unfamiliar or confusing to your users.

用这样的方法，你应该设计依赖于非常多的你的特殊用户。条款，概念，图标，和图像，你看到非常清晰，和你的同事大概会不熟悉或者困惑于你们的用户

When a design’s controls follow real-world conventions and correspond to desired outcomes (called natural mapping), it’s easier for users to learn and remember how the interface works. This helps to build an experience that feels intuitive.

当一个设计控制通过真实世界的习惯和符合一致去达到预期的结果（叫做自然映射），这是非常容易对于用户去了解和记住工作的接口。这帮助去建立熟悉和感觉的直觉。

Tips

• Ensure users can understand meaning without having to go look up a word’s definition.
• Never assume your understanding of words or concepts will match those of your users.
• User research will help you uncover your users’ familiar terminology, as well as their mental models around important concepts.
  保证用户可以理解含义，没有去使用词汇解释之前

永远不要假设你对词汇或者理念的理解可以等同于你的用户

使用调研可以帮助你发现你用户熟悉的术语，以及他们的心理模型周围的重要概念

Example of Usability Heuristic #2:
When stovetop controls match the layout of heating elements, users can quickly understand which control maps to which heating element.

可用性启发2的例子：
当的炉子控制器匹配的加热元件的布局，用户可以快速地理解那个控制地图对应哪个加热元件

3: User control and freedom
Users often perform actions by mistake. They need a clearly marked “emergency exit” to leave the unwanted action without having to go through an extended process.

3.用户的控制和自由
用户通常会通过错误来执行操作。他们需要清晰的标志“紧急出口”去离开不需要的动作，在没有不得不经历一个扩张的过程时。

当他非常容易去返回或者取消一个动作，会培养出一种自由和自信。出口允许用户保持系统的控制和忽略打断和沮丧

4: Consistency and standards
Users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform and industry conventions.

4.一致性和标准
用户应该不想猜测不同的词汇，场景，或者动作意味着相同的东西。追寻平台和行业的惯例。

Jakob’s Law states that people spend most of their time using digital products other than yours. Users’ experiences with those other products set their expectations. Failing to maintain consistency may increase the users’cognitive load by forcing them to learn something new.

雅布定律说明，人们花费大多数他们的时间使用电子产品通常比你多。用户的经验和这些其他产品形成了他们的期待。失败去维持一致性大概会增加用户的认知负荷通过迫使他们去学习新的东西。

Tips

• Improve learnability by maintaining both types of consistency: internal and external.
• Maintain consistency within a single product or a family of products (internal consistency).
• Follow established industry conventions (external consistency).

提升易学性，通过维护统一样式的一致性：内部和外部

维护一致性，单个产品或者系列产品（内部一致性）

遵循行业惯例原则（外部一致性）

Example of Usability Heuristic #4:
Check-in counters are usually located at the front of hotels. This consistency meets customers’ expectations.

办理登记手续台面通常位于酒店前面，这个一致性满足用户的期待

5.预防错误
好的错误预告很重要，但最好的设计仔细地问题预告来自于首次发现。或者消除容易出错的条件，或者检查他们和当前用户的确认选项在他们提交行动之前。

这里有2种类型的错误，过失和错误。过失是无意识的错误归因于注意力不集中。错误是有意识的错误根据不匹配，在用户的心智模型和设计之间。

Tips

• Prioritize your effort: Prevent high-cost errors first, then little frustrations.
• Avoid slips by providing helpful constraints and good defaults.
• Prevent mistakes by removing memory burdens, supporting undo, and warning your users.

优先考虑你的努力，首先防止高成本的错误，然后小挫折。

避免失误通过提供食物和好的默认值

防止错误通过减少记忆负担，支持撤销，和警告你的用户。

Example of Usability Heuristic #5:
Guard rails on curvy mountain roads prevent drivers from falling off cliffs.

可用性启发式的例子
栏杆上弯曲的山路防止司机从悬崖上掉下来

6: Recognition rather than recall
Minimize the user’s memory load by making elements, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the interface to another. Information required to use the design (e.g. field labels or menu items) should be visible or easily retrievable when needed.

6.识别而不是回忆
Minimize the user’s memory load by making elements, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the interface to another. Information required to use the design (e.g. field labels or menu items) should be visible or easily retrievable when needed.

最小化用户的内存负载通过制造元素，动作，和选择可见。这用户应该不用不得不记住信息，通过一部分的接口去另一部分。信息要求使用的设计（例如字段标签和菜单项）应该是可见的或者容易检索当需要时。

Humans have limited short-term memories. Interfaces that promote recognition reduce the amount of cognitive effort required from users.

人类有有限的短时记忆，触点的提升可以从识别层面减少用户需要的认知的大数额负荷

Tips

• Let people recognize information in the interface, rather than having to remember (“recall”) it.
• Offer help in context, instead of giving users a long tutorial to memorize.
• Reduce the information that users have to remember.

让人们识别信息，通过界面，而不是去记忆/回忆他
通常帮助连贯起来，而不是给用户一个长的教程去记忆
减少用户不得不记忆的信息

Example of Usability Heuristic #6:
It’s easier for most people to recognize the capitals of countries, instead of having to remember them. People are more likely to correctly answer the question Is Lisbon the capital of Portugal? rather than What’s the capital of Portugal?

启发性6 的例子

这是容易的，对于大多数用户去识别国会的城堡，而不是不得不记忆他们。用户更喜欢正确滴回答问题是里本斯的首都或者葡萄牙？而不是那个是葡萄牙的首都吗？

7: Flexibility and efficiency of use
Shortcuts — hidden from novice users — may speed up the interaction for the expert user such that the design can cater to both inexperienced and experienced users. Allow users to tailor frequent actions.

7.用户的灵活和效益
捷径-隐藏的无经验用户-大概会加速互动去专家用户，以此设计可以迎合无经验用户和有经验用户2者。

待续～