[阅读材料]Think like a designer: Learn more about different design frameworks | Coursera

Most UX designers follow a specific framework or process when approaching their work, from the first idea all the way through to the final launch of a product. As a reminder, a framework creates the basic structure that focuses and supports the problem you’re trying to solve, kind of like an outline for a project. Every designer and every team is different, so it’s helpful to have a solid understanding of each framework before you start designing.
大多数用户体验设计师在处理他们的工作时遵循一个特定的框架或过程，从最初的想法一直到产品的最终发布。提醒一下，框架创建的基本结构可以聚焦并支持你正在尝试解决的问题，有点像项目的大纲。每个设计师和每个团队都是不同的，所以在开始设计之前对每个框架有一个扎实的理解是很有帮助的。

User-centered design process

以用户为中心的设计过程

Each phase of the user-centered design process focuses on users and their needs. It’s an iterative process, which means that designers go back to certain phases, again and again, to refine their designs and create the best possible product for their intended users.
以用户为中心的设计过程的每个阶段都关注用户和他们的需求。这是一个迭代的过程，这意味着设计师一次又一次地回到特定的阶段，来完善他们的设计，并为他们预期的用户创造出最好的产品。
Here are the key steps in the user-centered design process:
以下是以用户为中心的设计的关键步骤:

• Understand how the user experiences the product or similar products. 了解用户如何体验产品或类似产品 You want to know how users will engage with your design, as well as the environment or context in which they’ll experience the product. Understanding this requires a lot of research, like observing users in action and conducting interviews, which we’ll explore more later. 你想知道用户将如何参与你的设计，以及他们将体验产品的环境或上下文。要理解这一点需要大量的研究，比如观察用户的行为和进行访谈，这些我们稍后会进一步探讨
• Specify the user’s needs. 指定用户的需求Based on your research, figure out which user problems are the most important to solve. 根据你的研究，找出哪些用户问题是最需要解决的
• Design solutions to those user problems. 设计用户问题的解决方案Come up with lots of ideas for designs that can address the user problems you’ve identified. Then, start to actually design those ideas! 想出许多设计点子来解决用户遇到的问题。然后，开始实际设计这些想法
• Evaluate the solutions you designed against the user’s needs. 评估您针对用户需求设计的解决方案 Ask yourself, “Does the design I created solve the user’s problem?” To answer this question, you should test the product you designed with real people and collect feedback. 问问你自己，“我创建的设计能解决用户的问题吗?”要回答这个问题，你应该和真人一起测试你设计的产品，并收集反馈。

Notice how the arrows in the diagram indicate circular movement. This illustrates the iterative quality of the user-centered design process. Designers go back to earlier phases of the process to refine and make corrections to their designs. With the user-centered design process, you’re always working to improve the user’s experience and address the problems that users are facing!
注意图中的箭头是如何指示圆周运动的。这说明了以用户为中心的设计过程的迭代性质。设计师回到早期阶段，对他们的设计进行改进和修正。使用以用户为中心的设计/服务流程，你总是在努力改善用户的体验，并解决用户面临的问题！

The five elements of UX design

用户体验设计的五个要素

The five elements of UX design is a framework of steps that UX designers take to turn an idea into a working product. The five elements are, from bottom to top: strategy, scope, structure, skeleton, and surface. Think of these as a set of five layers, where each layer is dependent on the one below it.
用户体验设计的五个要素是用户体验设计师将一个想法转化为一个工作产品的步骤的框架。这五个要素从下到上分别是: 策略、范围、结构、骨架和表面。可以把这些图层想象成一个由五个图层组成的集合，每个图层都依赖于下面的图层。

• Strategy: 策略: The bottom layer is strategy, where you lay a foundation of your design goals. These goals are based on user needs and the business objectives for the product. 底层是策略，在这里你为你的设计目标打下了基础。这些目标基于用户需求和产品的业务目标
• Scope: 经营范围:The next layer is scope, where you determine the type of product you’re building. At this point, you will consider the kind of features and content you want to include in the product. 下一层是作用域，您可以在其中确定所构建产品的类型。此时，您将考虑希望在产品中包含哪些特性和内容
• Structure: 结构:The middle layer is structure. Here, you’ll figure out how to organize your design and how you want users to interact with the product. 中间层是结构层。在这里，您将了解如何组织您的设计，以及如何希望用户与产品交互
• Skeleton: 骨骼: The skeleton is the layout of the product. Just like the layout of our bones shapes our skin, the skeleton layer details how your design works – and like a skeleton, users won’t directly see its inner-workings. 框架是产品的布局。就像我们的骨骼布局塑造我们的皮肤一样，骨架层详细说明了你的设计是如何工作的——就像骨架一样，用户不会直接看到它的内部工作原理
• Surface: 表面: The top layer, surface, represents how the product looks to the user. The surface represents the interface that users view and interact with. Think of the surface like the clothes or makeup you wear that are visible to the outside world. 最上面的一层，表面，代表产品在用户眼中的样子。表面表示用户查看和交互的界面。把表面想象成你穿的衣服或者化妆品，它们对外面的世界是可见的

Want to learn more? Check out this article about the five elements of user experience, which was originally developed by Jesse James Garrett. Or for a deep dive into the five elements, Garrett’s book is also an option to explore.
想知道更多吗？看看这篇关于用户体验的5个要素的文章，这篇文章最初是由杰西·詹姆士·贾瑞特开发的。或者对于五种元素的深入研究，加勒特的书也是一个可以探索的选择。

Design thinking process

设计思维过程

Design thinking is a user-centered approach to problem-solving. It helps designers create solutions that address a real user problem and are functional and affordable. There are five phases in the design process: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test.
设计思维是一种以用户为中心的解决问题的方法。它帮助设计师创建解决方案，解决真正的用户问题，并且是功能性的和负担得起的。在设计过程中有五个阶段: 移情、定义、构思、原型和测试。

• During the 在工程进行期间empathize 移情 phase, the goal is to understand users’ needs and how users think and feel. This involves a lot of user research, such as conducting surveys, interviews, and observation sessions, so you can get a clear picture of who your users are and the challenges they are facing. 第二阶段，目标是了解用户的需求以及用户如何思考和感觉。这涉及到大量的用户研究，比如进行调查、访谈和观察会议，这样你就可以清楚地了解你的用户是谁以及他们面临的挑战
• In the 在define 定义 phase, you’ll create a clear problem statement, or a description of the user’s need that your designs will address, based on your research findings. This will drive your team toward a clear goal for the design of the product. 第二阶段，你将根据你的研究结果，创建一个清晰的问题陈述，或者描述用户的需求，你的设计将会解决这些需求。这将推动你的团队朝着产品设计的明确目标前进
• Once you land on a user problem and establish why it’s an important one to solve, it’s time for the 一旦你着手解决一个用户的问题，并确定为什么它是一个重要的问题需要解决，现在是时候了ideate 想象 phase. The goal of ideation is to come up with as many design solutions as possible. 构思的目标是想出尽可能多的设计方案
• Once you have an idea of how to solve the problem, you’re ready to enter the 一旦你有了解决问题的想法，你就可以进入prototype 原型 phase. A prototype is an early model of a product that demonstrates its functionality. 原型是展示产品功能的早期模型
• During the 在工程进行期间test 测试 phase, users provide feedback about your designs, before the product is built by engineers and launched to the public. You can use this feedback to make changes and improvements to your designs, as many times as you need. 第二阶段，在产品由工程师制造并向公众推出之前，用户提供关于你的设计的反馈。您可以使用这个反馈对您的设计进行更改和改进，需要多少次都可以

Depending on the feedback from your testing phase, you might need to go back to the beginning of the design process, come up with new ideas for solutions, or develop new prototypes. Eventually, the goal of the design thinking process, like any design framework, is to implement your design, which means building it and sharing it with the world. For more details about the five phases in the design process, check out the guide UX Design Process: Everything You Need to Know from Adobe XD Ideas.
根据测试阶段的反馈，您可能需要回到设计过程的开始，想出新的解决方案，或者开发新的原型。最终，设计思维过程的目标，就像任何设计框架一样，是实现你的设计，这意味着建设它并与世界分享它。有关设计过程的五个阶段的详细信息，请参阅用户体验设计过程指南: Adobe XD Ideas 中您需要知道的一切。

Think like a designer: Lean UX and Double Diamond

像设计师一样思考: 精益 UX 和双钻石

Now that you know about three popular frameworks used by UX designers, it’s time to explore two more: Lean UX and Double Diamond. You might find that you’re drawn to one particular framework, or your team might end up using a different approach depending on the project. Every designer and team is different, but it’s important to have a strong foundation in lots of different approaches before you start to design. Here we go!
既然你已经知道了 UX 设计师使用的三种流行的框架，现在是时候探索另外两种框架了: 精益 UX 和 Double Diamond。您可能会发现您被一个特定的框架所吸引，或者您的团队最终可能会根据项目使用不同的方法。每个设计师和团队都是不同的，但是在你开始设计之前，在许多不同的方法中有一个坚实的基础是很重要的。我们走吧！

Lean UX

精益 UX

The Lean UX process focuses on reducing wasted time and resources, and producing a workable product as soon as possible. The process is iterative, meaning the team continues to update and make revisions to the product as they gather user research and stakeholder feedback.
精益用户体验过程的重点是减少浪费的时间和资源，并尽快生产出可行的产品。这个过程是迭代的，意味着团队在收集用户研究和涉众反馈的同时，不断地更新和修改产品。
The Lean UX process is broken into three steps:
精益用户体验过程分为三个步骤:

• Think. 想想Explore the problems that users are experiencing and consider how you could solve them with your design. This step is all about gathering research, so you can form a clear idea of who the product is for and how it will help them. 探索用户正在经历的问题，并考虑如何通过您的设计解决这些问题。这一步就是收集研究成果，这样你就可以清楚地知道这个产品是给谁的，以及这个产品将如何帮助他们
• Make. 制造Start designing the product by creating sketches, wireframes, and prototypes. You’ll also create a minimum viable product, or MVP for short, which is a simple prototype of your designs that you can test with the target audience. Be prepared to go back and update your prototype as you gather feedback! 通过创建草图、线框图和原型来开始设计产品。您还将创建一个最小可行性产品，简称 MVP，这是您的设计的一个简单原型，您可以与目标受众测试。当你收集反馈的时候，准备好回去更新你的原型
• Check. 检查 Find out how users respond to your design and gather feedback from project stakeholders. Make adjustments to your designs accordingly, and repeat the three steps again, if necessary. 了解用户如何响应您的设计，并从项目干系人那里收集反馈。相应地对你的设计进行调整，如果必要的话，再重复这三个步骤

These steps are meant to be repeated as many times as needed, until your team reaches the desired final product. The Lean UX process encourages productivity and collaboration. Lean UX teams are typically cross-functional, which means you’ll be working alongside team members like engineers and UX researchers.
这些步骤意味着需要重复多次，直到您的团队达到所需的最终产品。精益用户体验过程鼓励生产力和协作。精益 UX 团队通常是跨功能的，这意味着您将与团队成员一起工作，比如工程师和 UX 研究人员。
There are six principles you should keep in mind when using the Lean UX process:
在使用精益 UX 流程时，你应该牢记以下六个原则:

1. Move forward. 向前看Focus only on design elements and features that move the design process toward a particular goal. Don’t get distracted by “nice-to-haves.” 只关注那些将设计过程推向特定目标的设计元素和特性。不要被“对有的人友好”分心
2. Stay curious. 保持好奇心Lean UX is about using feedback from users and stakeholders to revise and improve your designs. Continuously seek feedback to understand why specific design choices work or don’t work. 精益用户体验是利用用户和利益相关者的反馈来修改和改进你的设计。不断寻求反馈，以了解为什么具体的设计选择工作或不工作
3. Test ideas in the real world. 在现实世界中测试想法 Lean UX encourages designers to test their ideas - using prototypes, for example - outside of the conference room and with potential users. 精益用户体验鼓励设计师在会议室之外和潜在用户之间测试他们的想法——比如使用原型
4. Externalize your ideas. 将你的想法具体化 Instead of internally debating and analyzing whether or not an idea is going to work, turn your ideas into something physical, viewable, and testable, while they’re still fresh in your mind. This way, you’ll get feedback on your designs in the early stages, when diverse perspectives and feedback are most helpful. 与其在内心争论和分析一个想法是否行得通，不如把你的想法变成一些实际的、可视的、可测试的东西，当它们还在你脑海中时。这样，在早期阶段，当不同的观点和反馈是最有帮助的时候，你就会得到关于你的设计的反馈
5. Reframe deliverables as outcomes. 重新构建可交付成果Focus on creating usable, enjoyable products that users actually want and need. Always keep in mind that you’re designing for your users first-and-foremost, not for the project stakeholders. 专注于创建用户真正想要和需要的可用的、令人愉快的产品。永远记住，你的设计首先是为了你的用户，而不是项目干系人
6. Embrace radical transparency. 拥抱彻底的透明度Feel comfortable being honest with everyone on the team (and expect the same in return), since you will depend on each other’s insights. This way, everyone can make informed decisions about how to move forward and avoid wasting time and energy. 对团队中的每个人都诚实(并期望得到同样的回报) ，因为你们将依赖于彼此的洞察力。这样，每个人都可以对如何前进做出明智的决定，避免浪费时间和精力

The Lean UX process is all about staying open to constant feedback and revisions through collaboration.
精益用户体验过程是关于通过协作保持持续的反馈和修正。

Double Diamond

双钻石

Double Diamond is a more traditional UX process, which breaks down UX design into two main phases (or “diamonds”): research and design. Each phase has two steps. When combined, these are the four steps:
Double Diamond 是一个更加传统的用户体验过程，它将用户体验设计分解为两个主要阶段(或者“钻石”) : 研究和设计。每个阶段有两个步骤。综合考虑以下四个步骤:

1. Discover the problem. 发现问题 Gather information about potential issues users are facing. 收集用户面临的潜在问题的信息
2. Define the problem. 定义问题Filter through the data, and focus on the main issue your product aims to solve. 对数据进行过滤，然后关注你的产品想要解决的主要问题
3. Develop solutions for the problem. 为问题制定解决方案 Begin designing your product as a work in progress. This is where wireframes and prototypes come into play. 开始把你的产品设计成一个正在进行的工作，这就是线框图和原型的作用所在
4. Deliver the product. 交付产品 Review and test your product to prepare it for release. 审查和测试您的产品，以准备发布

Challenge: [Research] 1. Discover - focus on the user, 2: Define - communicate (visually and inclusively), [Design] 3. Develop - collaborate, 4. Deliver - iterate.
Like a lot of the design frameworks we’ve discussed, Double Diamond is iterative, not linear. Each sprint leads the team to new insights that are used to improve the product’s design. Then, the process starts over again with a new iteration.
像我们讨论过的许多设计框架一样，Double Diamond 是迭代的，而不是线性的。每个 sprint 都会带领团队提出新的见解，用于改进产品的设计。然后，这个过程通过一个新的迭代重新开始。
Double Diamond also encourages teamwork across the organization, so the design team doesn’t focus solely on design. To be successful, the entire team must know how to incorporate design principles, design methods, user engagement strategies, and leadership principles. Be prepared to take on multiple roles and responsibilities, as needed.
双钻石还鼓励整个组织的团队合作，因此设计团队不会只关注设计。要取得成功，整个团队必须知道如何将设计原则、设计方法、用户参与策略和领导原则结合起来。根据需要，准备好承担多重角色和责任。
There are four principles that inform the Double Diamond process:
双钻石进程遵循以下四项原则:

1. Focus on the user. 关注用户 As is always the case in UX design, the user is the top priority. 在用户体验设计中总是这样，用户是最重要的
2. Communicate. 沟通 Communicate visually, through imagery and design choices that supplement the text. You should also be sure that the communication of your design is equitable and accessible, which you’ll learn more about in this part of the program. 通过图像和补充文本的设计选择进行视觉沟通。您还应该确保您的设计的交流是公平的和可访问的，您将在程序的这一部分中了解更多关于这一点的信息
3. Collaborate. 合作One of the unique features of the Double Diamond process is that it encourages creative collaboration and co-creation with your fellow team members. 双重钻石流程的一个独特特征是，它鼓励与其他团队成员进行创造性合作和共同创造
4. Iterate. 迭代 Accept that the design is a work in progress and isn’t going to be complete right away. The magic is in the revision. With every iteration, you give the user a new experience. 接受这样一个事实，即设计是一项正在进行的工作，不会马上完成。魔力正在修订中。每一次迭代，你都会给用户一个新的体验

Both the Lean UX and Double Diamond frameworks are useful for entry-level UX designers to understand. Even if your team doesn’t follow one of these processes, understanding how each one works and why it’s used is invaluable.
精益 UX 和 Double Diamond 框架对于入门级 UX 设计人员来说都是非常有用的。即使你的团队没有遵循这些流程中的任何一个，了解每个流程的工作原理和使用原因也是非常宝贵的。
Keep in mind that the Google UX Design Certificate was built with the design process in mind. Each course follows the progression of these steps: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. Keep up the great work!
记住，谷歌用户体验设计证书是在构建设计过程时考虑的。每个课程都遵循以下步骤: 移情、定义、构思、原型和测试。继续伟大的工作！