获取表的所有列信息

传统方法

select * from ( 
  SELECT 
    c.name 'ColumnName', 
    t.Name 'DataType',
    c.max_length 'MaxLength',
    c.precision ,
    c.scale ,
    c.is_nullable 'IsNullable',
    ISNULL(i.is_primary_key, 0) 'IsPrimaryKey',
    c.is_identity IsIdentity
FROM    
    sys.columns c
INNER JOIN 
    sys.types t ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id 
LEFT OUTER JOIN 
    sys.index_columns ic ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
LEFT OUTER JOIN 
    sys.indexes i ON ic.object_id = i.object_id AND ic.index_id = i.index_id 
WHERE
    c.object_id = OBJECT_ID('t_one_on_one') 
  ) a 
  inner join (
  select sc.name [Column],
        sep.value [Description]
    from sys.tables st
    inner join sys.columns sc on st.object_id = sc.object_id
    left join sys.extended_properties sep on st.object_id = sep.major_id
                                         and sc.column_id = sep.minor_id
                                         and sep.name = 'MS_Description'
    where st.name = 't_one_on_one'
  ) b 
  on a.ColumnName=b.[Column]

快捷函数

sp_help '表名'

参考

sp_help (Transact-SQL)