多线程是多任务处理的一种特殊形式,多任务处理允许让电脑同时运行两个或两个以上的程序。一般情况下,两种类型的多任务处理:基于进程和基于线程。
- 基于进程的多任务处理是程序的并发执行。
- 基于线程的多任务处理是同一程序的片段的并发执行。
多线程程序包含可以同时运行的两个或多个部分。这样的程序中的每个部分称为一个线程,每个线程定义了一个单独的执行路径。 本教程假设您使用的是 Linux 操作系统,我们要使用 POSIX 编写多线程 C++ 程序。POSIX Threads 或 Pthreads 提供的 API 可在多种类 Unix POSIX 系统上可用,比如 FreeBSD、NetBSD、GNU/Linux、Mac OS X 和 Solaris
创建线程
下面的程序,我们可以用它来创建一个 POSIX 线程:
#include <pthread.h>pthread_create (thread, attr, start_routine, arg)
在这里,pthread_create创建一个新的线程,并让它可执行。下面是关于参数的说明:
| 参数 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| thread | 指向线程标识符指针。 |
| attr | 一个不透明的属性对象,可以被用来设置线程属性。您可以指定线程属性对象,也可以使用默认值 NULL。 |
| start_routine | 线程运行函数起始地址,一旦线程被创建就会执行。 |
| arg | 运行函数的参数。它必须通过把引用作为指针强制转换为 void 类型进行传递。如果没有传递参数,则使用 NULL。 |
- 创建线程成功时,函数返回 0
- 若返回值不为 0 则说明创建线程失败
终止线程
使用下面的程序,我们可以用它来终止一个 POSIX 线程:
#include <pthread.h>pthread_exit (status)
在这里,pthread_exit用于显式地退出一个线程。通常情况下,pthread_exit() 函数是在线程完成工作后无需继续存在时被调用。
如果 main() 是在它所创建的线程之前结束,并通过 pthread_exit() 退出,那么其他线程将继续执行。否则,它们将在 main() 结束时自动被终止。
以下简单的实例代码使用 pthread_create() 函数创建了 5 个线程,每个线程输出”Hello Runoob!”:
#include <iostream>#include <pthread.h> // 线程的头文件using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 5// 线程的运行函数void *say_hello(void *args){cout << "Hello 一缕清风!" << endl;return 0;}int main(){pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; // 定义线程的 id 变量,多个变量使用数组for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i){//参数依次是:创建的线程id,线程参数,调用的函数,传入的函数参数int ret = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, say_hello, NULL);if (ret != 0){cout << "pthread_create error: error_code=" << ret << endl;}}//等各个线程退出后,进程才结束,否则进程强制结束了,线程可能还没反应过来;pthread_exit(NULL);}
现在,执行程序,将产生下列结果:
$ g++ test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o$ ./test.oHello 一缕清风!Hello 一缕清风!Hello 一缕清风!Hello 一缕清风!Hello 一缕清风!
以下简单的实例代码使用 pthread_create() 函数创建了 5 个线程,并接收传入的参数。每个线程打印一个 “Hello Runoob!” 消息,并输出接收的参数,然后调用 pthread_exit() 终止线程。
//文件名:test.cpp#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 5void *PrintHello(void *threadid){// 对传入的参数进行强制类型转换,由无类型指针变为整形数指针,然后再读取// int *tid = (int *)threadid;// cout << "Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, " << *tid << endl;int tid = *((int *)threadid);cout << "Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, " << tid << endl;pthread_exit(NULL);}int main(){pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];int indexes[NUM_THREADS]; // 用数组来保存i的值int i;for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++){cout << "main() : 创建线程, " << i << endl;indexes[i] = i; //先保存i的值// 传入的时候必须强制转换为void* 类型,即无类型指针int ret = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, PrintHello, (void *)&(indexes[i]));if (ret){cout << "Error:无法创建线程," << ret << endl;exit(-1);}}pthread_exit(NULL);}
现在编译并执行程序,将产生下列结果:
$ g++ test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o$ ./test.omain() : 创建线程, 0main() : 创建线程, 1Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, 0Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, 1main() : 创建线程, 2main() : 创建线程, 3Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, 2main() : 创建线程, 4Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, 3Hello 一缕清风! 线程 ID, 4
向线程传递参数
这个实例演示了如何通过结构传递多个参数。您可以在线程回调中传递任意的数据类型,因为它指向 void,如下面的实例所示:
#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 5struct thread_data{int thread_id;char *message;};void *PrintHello(void *threadarg){// struct thread_data *my_data;// my_data = (struct thread_data *)threadarg;struct thread_data *my_data = (struct thread_data *)threadarg;cout << "Thread ID : " << my_data->thread_id << " Message : " << my_data->message << endl;;pthread_exit(NULL);}int main(){pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];struct thread_data td[NUM_THREADS];int i;for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++){cout << "main() : creating thread, " << i << endl;td[i].thread_id = i;td[i].message = (char *)"This is message";int ret = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL,PrintHello, (void *)&td[i]);if (ret){cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << ret << endl;exit(-1);}}pthread_exit(NULL);}
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生下列结果:
$ g++ -Wno-write-strings test.cpp -lpthread -o test.o$ ./test.omain() : creating thread, 0main() : creating thread, 1Thread ID : 0 Message : This is messagemain() : creating thread, Thread ID : 21Message : This is messagemain() : creating thread, 3Thread ID : 2 Message : This is messagemain() : creating thread, 4Thread ID : 3 Message : This is messageThread ID : 4 Message : This is message
连接和分离线程
我们可以使用以下两个函数来连接或分离线程:
pthread_join (threadid, status)pthread_detach (threadid)
当创建一个线程时,它的某个属性会定义它是否
- 可连接的 (joinable): pthread_join() 子程序阻碍调用程序,直到指定的 threadid 线程终止为止
- 可分离的 (detached): 如果线程创建时被定义为可分离的,则它永远也不能被连接。
⚠️注意: 只有创建时定义为可连接的线程才可以被连接
这个实例演示了如何使用 pthread_join() 函数来等待线程的完成。
#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#include <pthread.h>#include <unistd.h>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 5void *wait(void *t){// int i;long tid = (long)t;sleep(3);cout << "———— Sleeping in thread ———— " << endl;cout << "Thread with id : " << tid << endl;pthread_exit(NULL);}int main(){int i;pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];pthread_attr_t attr;void *status;// 初始化并设置线程为可连接的(joinable)pthread_attr_init(&attr);pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++){cout << "main() : creating thread, " << i << endl;int ret = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, wait, (void *)&i);if (ret){cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << ret << endl;exit(-1);}}// 删除属性,并等待其他线程pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++){int ret = pthread_join(threads[i], &status);if (ret){cout << "Error:unable to join," << ret << endl;exit(-1);}cout << "Main: completed thread id :" << i << " exiting with status :" << status << endl;}cout << "Main: program exiting." << endl;pthread_exit(NULL);}
当上面的代码被编译和执行时,它会产生下列结果:
main() : creating thread, 0main() : creating thread, 1main() : creating thread, 2main() : creating thread, 3main() : creating thread, 4———— Sleeping in thread ———————— Sleeping in thread ———— Thread with id : ———— Sleeping in thread ———— ———— Sleeping in thread ———— 140732824192504———— Sleeping in thread ———— Thread with id :Thread with id : 140732824192504140732824192504Thread with id : 140732824192504Thread with id :Main: completed thread id :0 exiting with status :0x0140732824192504Main: completed thread id :1 exiting with status :0x0Main: completed thread id :2 exiting with status :0x0Main: completed thread id :3 exiting with status :0x0Main: completed thread id :4 exiting with status :0x0Main: program exiting.
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](https://www.runoob.com/cplusplus/cpp-web-programming.html)
c++ 11 之后有了标准的线程库
#include <iostream>#include <thread>using namespace std;#define NUM_THREADS 3thread::id main_thread_id = this_thread::get_id();void hello(){if (main_thread_id == this_thread::get_id())cout << "hello():This is the main thread.\n";elsecout << "hello(): This is not the main thread.\n";}void pause_thread(int n){this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(n));cout << "pause of " << n << " seconds ended\n";}int main(){thread t(hello);cout << t.hardware_concurrency() << endl; //可以并发执行多少个(不准确)cout << "native_handle " << t.native_handle() << endl; //可以并发执行多少个(不准确)printf("_____________________________________\n");hello();thread j(hello);j.join();thread d(hello);d.detach();thread threads[NUM_THREADS]; // 默认构造线程cout << "Spawning " << NUM_THREADS << " threads...\n";for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i)threads[i] = thread(pause_thread, i + 1); // move-assign threadscout << "Done spawning threads. Now waiting for them to join:\n";for (auto &thread : threads)thread.join();cout << "All threads joined!\n";}/*hello(): This is not the main thread.native_handle 0x700006420000_____________________________________hello():This is the main thread.hello(): This is not the main thread.Spawning 3 threads...hello(): This is not the main thread.Done spawning threads. Now waiting for them to join:pause of 1 seconds endedpause of 2 seconds endedpause of 3 seconds endedAll threads joined!libc++abi.dylib: terminatingAbort trap: 6*/
之前一些编译器使用 C++11 的编译参数是 -std=c++11
g++ -std=c++11 test.cpp -lpthread && ./a.out
⚠️注意: 要注意内存泄露问题。如果设置为 PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE,就继续用 pthread_join() 来等待和释放资源,否则会内存泄露。
