SpringBoot自动配置原理
h2coder
2020年08月20日
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SpringBoot现在基本是标配了,除非是老旧的项目,或者保守一点的企业,都会选择SpringBoot。
在SpringBoot出现之前,使用SSH或者SSM,都要很多的XML配置文件,而这些配置,在每个项目中,大部分都是相同的。
虽然都一样,但项目都要配置,可能会出现配置几小时,写代码几分钟的情况,把项目启动拖慢了。SpringBoot则是为了解决这种问题而生的,提高开发效率。
用过SpringBoot的小伙伴都知道,在IDEA使用SpringBoot Initializer,快速配置项目,写一个Controller就可以,快速搭建起Web项目。
SpringBoot给我们提供了大量的starter,里面已经帮我们配置了常用配置,如果我们需要改动,则在application.yml中配置即可。
SpringBoot之所以可以这样做,是因为它的设计策略,开箱即用和约定大于配置。
下面我们看下SpringBoot帮我们做了什么吧!
自动装配
要使用SpringBoot,我们需要指定parent父工程
基础配置
pom文件指定parent父工程
<parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --></parent>复制代码
点进去会发现,spring-boot-starter-parent也有父工程,就是spring-boot-dependencies,继续点进去
<parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><relativePath>../../spring-boot-dependencies</relativePath></parent>复制代码
spring-boot-dependencies看来是管理依赖和版本号的,所以我们依赖第三方库时,如果在这个依赖列表中有,则不需要写版本号了
<properties><activemq.version>5.15.10</activemq.version><antlr2.version>2.7.7</antlr2.version><appengine-sdk.version>1.9.76</appengine-sdk.version><artemis.version>2.10.1</artemis.version><aspectj.version>1.9.4</aspectj.version><assertj.version>3.13.2</assertj.version><atomikos.version>4.0.6</atomikos.version><awaitility.version>4.0.1</awaitility.version><bitronix.version>2.1.4</bitronix.version><build-helper-maven-plugin.version>3.0.0</build-helper-maven-plugin.version><byte-buddy.version>1.10.1</byte-buddy.version>...太多了,省略其他</properties><dependencyManagement><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-test</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-test-autoconfigure</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-actuator</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version></dependency><dependencies>...太多了,省略其他<dependencyManagement>复制代码
我们的父工程spring-boot-starter-parent,还帮我们指定了配置文件的格式
<build><resources><resource><filtering>true</filtering><directory>${basedir}/src/main/resources</directory><!-- 指定了配置文件的格式,加载顺序为yml => yaml => properties --><includes><include>**/application*.yml</include><include>**/application*.yaml</include><include>**/application*.properties</include></includes></resource><resource><directory>${basedir}/src/main/resources</directory><excludes><exclude>**/application*.yml</exclude><exclude>**/application*.yaml</exclude><exclude>**/application*.properties</exclude></excludes></resource></resources><build>复制代码
启动器 starter
SpringBoot将每种使用场景所需要的依赖和依赖,封装成一个启动器starter,我们需要引入某种领域的功能时,直接依赖对应的starer即可。
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version></dependency>复制代码
例如我们常用的Web开发,需要依赖SpringMVC等,SpringBoot提供了spring-boot-starter-web启动器
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency>复制代码
我们点进行该starter,他给我们定义了以下依赖:
- spring-boot-starter SpringBoot基础启动器
- spring-boot-starter-json json序列化、反序列化的启动器
- spring-boot-starter-tomcat 内嵌Tomcat
- spring-web和spring-webmvc,就是我们的SpringMVC
<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-json</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId><version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope><exclusions><exclusion><artifactId>tomcat-embed-el</artifactId><groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId></exclusion></exclusions></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-web</artifactId><version>5.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId><version>5.2.0.RELEASE</version><scope>compile</scope></dependency></dependencies>复制代码
启动类 SpringBootApplication
SpringBoot要求我们提供一个启动类,并且类头加上 @SpringBootApplication注解,该注解就是SpringBoot启动的核心。
我们点进去@SpringBootApplicationpublic class SpringbootEsApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(SpringbootEsApplication.class, args);log.info("项目启动成功,访问地址:http://localhost:8081/");}}复制代码
@SpringBootApplication注解
我们会发现SpringBootApplication是一个复合注解,当中最重要的是@Target(ElementType.TYPE)@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documented@Inherited@SpringBootConfiguration@EnableAutoConfiguration@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })@ConfigurationPropertiesScanpublic @interface SpringBootApplication {//省略属性...}复制代码
@SpringBootConfiguration和@EnableAutoConfiguration,这2个注解。 @ComponentScan注解是包扫描,因为没有配置扫描包,默认是扫描标识该注解的类的包,以及它以下的子包,所以启动类一般在根包下。
- @SpringBootConfiguration注解
我们发现@SpringBootConfiguration注解 ,最主要是加上了@Configuration注解。
我们知道@Configuration注解 就代表了一个JavaConfig方式的Spring的容器,所以我们启动器类也相当于一个容器。SpringBootConfiguration注解没什么可看了,我们看下一个注解
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documented@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {@AliasFor(annotation = Configuration.class)boolean proxyBeanMethods() default true;}复制代码
- @EnableAutoConfiguration注解
@EnableAutoConfiguration注解中,主要注解是@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)。
@Import注解,帮我们导入了AutoConfigurationImportSelector这个类
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documented@Inherited@AutoConfigurationPackage@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";Class<?>[] exclude() default {};String[] excludeName() default {};}复制代码
- AutoConfigurationImportSelector类
AutoConfigurationImportSelector类实现了DeferredImportSelector接口,该接口继承ImportSelector接口 ,会要求复写selectImports()方法。ImportSelector接口,主要是为了导入@Configuration配置的,而DeferredImportSelector是延期导入,当所有的@Configuration都处理完成后,再调用DeferredImportSelector进行处理。
所以AutoConfigurationImportSelector类是延迟导入的,所有@Configuration都处理完后,再调用它的selectImports()方法。selectImports()方法,调用了getAutoConfigurationEntry()方法,而getAutoConfigurationEntry()又调用了getCandidateConfigurations()方法。
而getCandidateConfigurations()方法是重点!
public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector implements DeferredImportSelector, BeanClassLoaderAware,ResourceLoaderAware, BeanFactoryAware, EnvironmentAware, Ordered {@Overridepublic String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {return NO_IMPORTS;}AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = getAutoConfigurationEntry(autoConfigurationMetadata,annotationMetadata);return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());}protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata,AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {return EMPTY_ENTRY;}AnnotationAttributes attributes = getAttributes(annotationMetadata);List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);configurations.removeAll(exclusions);configurations = filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata);fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);}protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),getBeanClassLoader());Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");return configurations;}}复制代码
- getCandidateConfigurations()方法
方法中,调用SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(),传入2个参数,EnableAutoConfiguration的Class和Bean的ClassLoader。loadFactoryNames()方法,返回一个集合,如果集合为空,进入下一句的Assert断言,就会抛出异常。
最后返回这个配置集合。
//AutoConfigurationImportSelectorprotected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),getBeanClassLoader());Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");return configurations;}protected Class<?> getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass() {return EnableAutoConfiguration.class;}protected ClassLoader getBeanClassLoader() {return this.beanClassLoader;}复制代码
- SpringFactoriesLoader
loadFactoryNames()方法,获取了传入的EnableAutoConfiguration注解的Class,调用loadSpringFactories()方法。
而loadSpringFactories()方法,会读取jar包中META-INF目录的spring.factories配置文件。
如果读取不到,则返回一个空集合。
public final class SpringFactoriesLoader {//jar包中的META-INF目录下,spring.factories配置文件public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryType, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {String factoryTypeName = factoryType.getName();return loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryTypeName, Collections.emptyList());}private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {MultiValueMap<String, String> result = cache.get(classLoader);if (result != null) {return result;}try {Enumeration<URL> urls = (classLoader != null ?classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION) :ClassLoader.getSystemResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION));result = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {URL url = urls.nextElement();UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : properties.entrySet()) {String factoryTypeName = ((String) entry.getKey()).trim();for (String factoryImplementationName : StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) entry.getValue())) {result.add(factoryTypeName, factoryImplementationName.trim());}}}cache.put(classLoader, result);return result;}catch (IOException ex) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [" +FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION + "]", ex);}}}复制代码
- spring.factories配置文件
我们选一个starter,例如spring-boot-autoconfigure,找到它的META-INF目录,找到spring.factories文件,打开。
我们发现文件里,配置了很多自动配置属性(内容有删减,实在太多了!)。
它的形式是Key-Value,例如其中一个Key是EnableAutoConfiguration的全类名,它的Value是好几个名字以AutoConfiguration结尾的类,每个类之间用逗号分隔。
刚才我们跟踪的loadFactoryNames()方法,传入的EnableAutoConfiguration的Class,就是要从spring.factories配置文件中找到它对应的那一组Value。
我们以ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration为例,点进去看一下
# 省略其他配置...# Auto Configure !!!!!!!! 重点在这里 !!!!!!!!org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.error.ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.MultipartAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.reactive.WebSocketReactiveAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.servlet.WebSocketServletAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.servlet.WebSocketMessagingAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.webservices.WebServicesAutoConfiguration,\org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.webservices.client.WebServiceTemplateAutoConfiguration# 省略其他配置...复制代码
- ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration类
我们看到该类的类头上,有@EnableConfigurationProperties注解,该属性表示加载配置属性,这里指定了一个ServerProperties类。
我们点进去ServerProperties类看一下
@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)@ConditionalOnClass(ServletRequest.class)@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)@EnableConfigurationProperties(ServerProperties.class)@Import({ ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration.BeanPostProcessorsRegistrar.class,ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedTomcat.class,ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedJetty.class,ServletWebServerFactoryConfiguration.EmbeddedUndertow.class })public class ServletWebServerFactoryAutoConfiguration {//...省略}复制代码
- ServerProperties类
这个是一个和配置信息相对应的类,它类头上配置了@ConfigurationProperties注解,它可以将配置文件中的配置项的内容,映射到我们的类的变量上。
注解上,配置的prefix属性,就代表了server.xxx系列配置,例如我们配置端口:server.port,该注解将我们的配置映射到ServerProperties上。
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "server", ignoreUnknownFields = true)public class ServerProperties {/*** Server HTTP port.*/private Integer port;/*** Network address to which the server should bind.*/private InetAddress address;}复制代码
到此为止,自动配置的流程基本通了,总结一下:
SpringBoot启动类的main方法启动时,会找@EnableAutoConfiguration注解,而该注解就在@SpringBootApplication上。而@EnableAutoConfiguration注解上,使用了@Import注解,导入了AutoConfigurationImportSelector类。
而该类,会去找META-INF/spring.factories配置文件,这个配置文件中配置了一系列的以AutoConfiguration结尾的类,就是自动配置类。
而每个配置类,都有一个Properties结尾的配置类,它和我们在yml中的配置项时一一对应的,相当于绑定配置到了该对象中。
如果只是想面试了解一下,到这里就可以了,而如果更想深入,就要继续跟一下。
如果要继续跟,就还有一个疑点,自动装配是什么时候开始的呢,其实就是AutoConfigurationImportSelector类上的selectImports()方法,还不知道它什么会被调用。
何时开始进行自动装配
我们回归到Spring,Spring应用启动,会在AbstractApplicationContext类中,调用refresh()方法。refresh()方法中,调用了invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors()方法,该方法是用来处理BeanFactoryPostProcessor接口的,而BeanFactoryPostProcessor的有一个子接口BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessor。
public abstract class AbstractApplicationContext extends DefaultResourceLoaderimplements ConfigurableApplicationContext {@Overridepublic void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {//省略无关代码...invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);//省略无关代码...}}//BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessorpublic interface BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessor extends BeanFactoryPostProcessor {void postProcessBeanDefinitionRegistry(BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) throws BeansException;}复制代码
- ConfigurationClassPostProcessor类
子接口BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessor,有一个实现类ConfigurationClassPostProcessor,它是专门处理@Configuration注解的。processConfigBeanDefinitions()方法中,就是处理@Configuration注解的类。主要是使用ConfigurationClassParser类的parse()方法。
我们进去parse()方法,看一下
public class ConfigurationClassPostProcessor implements BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessor,PriorityOrdered, ResourceLoaderAware, BeanClassLoaderAware, EnvironmentAware {public void processConfigBeanDefinitions(BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) {//省略部分代码// Parse each @Configuration classConfigurationClassParser parser = new ConfigurationClassParser(this.metadataReaderFactory, this.problemReporter, this.environment,this.resourceLoader, this.componentScanBeanNameGenerator, registry);Set<BeanDefinitionHolder> candidates = new LinkedHashSet<>(configCandidates);Set<ConfigurationClass> alreadyParsed = new HashSet<>(configCandidates.size());do {//解析处理@Configuration注解的类parser.parse(candidates);parser.validate();Set<ConfigurationClass> configClasses = new LinkedHashSet<>(parser.getConfigurationClasses());configClasses.removeAll(alreadyParsed);// Read the model and create bean definitions based on its contentif (this.reader == null) {this.reader = new ConfigurationClassBeanDefinitionReader(registry, this.sourceExtractor, this.resourceLoader, this.environment,this.importBeanNameGenerator, parser.getImportRegistry());}this.reader.loadBeanDefinitions(configClasses);alreadyParsed.addAll(configClasses);candidates.clear();if (registry.getBeanDefinitionCount() > candidateNames.length) {String[] newCandidateNames = registry.getBeanDefinitionNames();Set<String> oldCandidateNames = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(candidateNames));Set<String> alreadyParsedClasses = new HashSet<>();for (ConfigurationClass configurationClass : alreadyParsed) {alreadyParsedClasses.add(configurationClass.getMetadata().getClassName());}for (String candidateName : newCandidateNames) {if (!oldCandidateNames.contains(candidateName)) {BeanDefinition bd = registry.getBeanDefinition(candidateName);if (ConfigurationClassUtils.checkConfigurationClassCandidate(bd, this.metadataReaderFactory) &&!alreadyParsedClasses.contains(bd.getBeanClassName())) {candidates.add(new BeanDefinitionHolder(bd, candidateName));}}}candidateNames = newCandidateNames;}}while (!candidates.isEmpty());}}复制代码
- ConfigurationClassParser类的parse()方法
首先类中有一个内部类DeferredImportSelectorHandler,构造方法ConfigurationClassParser实例时,就创建该内部类的实例。
在parse()方法调用时,最后一句调用了processDeferredImportSelectors()方法。
class ConfigurationClassParser {public void parse(Set<BeanDefinitionHolder> configCandidates) {this.deferredImportSelectors = new LinkedList<DeferredImportSelectorHolder>();for (BeanDefinitionHolder holder : configCandidates) {BeanDefinition bd = holder.getBeanDefinition();try {if (bd instanceof AnnotatedBeanDefinition) {parse(((AnnotatedBeanDefinition) bd).getMetadata(), holder.getBeanName());}else if (bd instanceof AbstractBeanDefinition && ((AbstractBeanDefinition) bd).hasBeanClass()) {parse(((AbstractBeanDefinition) bd).getBeanClass(), holder.getBeanName());}else {parse(bd.getBeanClassName(), holder.getBeanName());}}catch (BeanDefinitionStoreException ex) {throw ex;}catch (Throwable ex) {throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException("Failed to parse configuration class [" + bd.getBeanClassName() + "]", ex);}}//重点processDeferredImportSelectors();}}复制代码
- processDeferredImportSelectors()方法
重点在String[] imports = deferredImport.getImportSelector().selectImports(configClass.getMetadata());。
调用的是DeferredImportSelectorHolder类,它保存了DeferredImportSelector的引用,在这个for循环中,调用了DeferredImportSelector的selectImports()方法,从而调用到了我们之前分析的AutoConfigurationImportSelector类中的selectImports()方法了。
private void processDeferredImportSelectors() {List<DeferredImportSelectorHolder> deferredImports = this.deferredImportSelectors;this.deferredImportSelectors = null;Collections.sort(deferredImports, DEFERRED_IMPORT_COMPARATOR);for (DeferredImportSelectorHolder deferredImport : deferredImports) {ConfigurationClass configClass = deferredImport.getConfigurationClass();try {String[] imports = deferredImport.getImportSelector().selectImports(configClass.getMetadata());processImports(configClass, asSourceClass(configClass), asSourceClasses(imports), false);}catch (BeanDefinitionStoreException ex) {throw ex;}catch (Throwable ex) {throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException("Failed to process import candidates for configuration class [" +configClass.getMetadata().getClassName() + "]", ex);}}}//该类,保存了配置类和DeferredImportSelector的引用private static class DeferredImportSelectorHolder {private final ConfigurationClass configurationClass;private final DeferredImportSelector importSelector;public DeferredImportSelectorHolder(ConfigurationClass configClass, DeferredImportSelector selector) {this.configurationClass = configClass;this.importSelector = selector;}public ConfigurationClass getConfigurationClass() {return this.configurationClass;}public DeferredImportSelector getImportSelector() {return this.importSelector;}}复制代码
参考资料
SpringBoot:认认真真梳理一遍自动装配原理
Spring Boot面试杀手锏 — 自动配置原理
深入理解SpringBoot之自动装配
