您可以在JSON模式中定义额外的信息。

一个常见的用例是添加一个将在文档中显示的example

有几种方法可以声明额外的 JSON 模式信息。

Pydantic schema_extra

您可以使用 Configschema_extra 为Pydantic模型声明一个示例,如Pydantic 文档:定制 Schema 中所述:

Python 3.10+ Python 3.8+

  1. from fastapi import FastAPI
  2. from pydantic import BaseModel
  3. app = FastAPI()
  4. class Item(BaseModel):
  5. name: str
  6. description: str | None = None
  7. price: float
  8. tax: float | None = None
  9. model_config = { "json_schema_extra": { "examples": [ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, } ]
  10. }
  11. }
  12. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  13. async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
  14. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  15. return results`
  1. from typing import Union
  2. from fastapi import FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel
  4. app = FastAPI()
  5. class Item(BaseModel):
  6. name: str
  7. description: Union[str, None] = None
  8. price: float
  9. tax: Union[float, None] = None
  10. model_config = { "json_schema_extra": { "examples": [ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, } ]
  11. }
  12. }
  13. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  14. async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
  15. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  16. return results`

这些额外的信息将按原样添加到输出的JSON模式中。

Field 的附加参数

Field, Path, Query, Body 和其他你之后将会看到的工厂函数,你可以为JSON 模式声明额外信息,你也可以通过给工厂函数传递其他的任意参数来给JSON 模式声明额外信息,比如增加 example:

Python 3.10+Python 3.8+

  1. from fastapi import FastAPI
  2. from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
  3. app = FastAPI()
  4. class Item(BaseModel):
  5. name: str = Field(examples=["Foo"]) description: str | None = Field(default=None, examples=["A very nice Item"]) price: float = Field(examples=[35.4]) tax: float | None = Field(default=None, examples=[3.2])
  6. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  7. async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
  8. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  9. return results`
  1. from typing import Union
  2. from fastapi import FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
  4. app = FastAPI()
  5. class Item(BaseModel):
  6. name: str = Field(examples=["Foo"]) description: Union[str, None] = Field(default=None, examples=["A very nice Item"]) price: float = Field(examples=[35.4]) tax: Union[float, None] = Field(default=None, examples=[3.2])
  7. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  8. async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
  9. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  10. return results`

Warning

请记住,传递的那些额外参数不会添加任何验证,只会添加注释,用于文档的目的。

Body 额外参数

你可以通过传递额外信息给 Field 同样的方式操作Path, Query, Body等。

比如,你可以将请求体的一个 example 传递给 Body:

Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+Python 3.10+ non-AnnotatedPython 3.8+ non-Annotated

  1. from typing import Annotated
  2. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel
  4. app = FastAPI()
  5. class Item(BaseModel):
  6. name: str
  7. description: str | None = None
  8. price: float
  9. tax: float | None = None
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def update_item(
  12. item_id: int,
  13. item: Annotated[
  14. Item,
  15. Body(
  16. examples=[ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, }
  17. ],
  18. ),
  19. ],
  20. ):
  21. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  22. return results`
  1. from typing import Annotated, Union
  2. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel
  4. app = FastAPI()
  5. class Item(BaseModel):
  6. name: str
  7. description: Union[str, None] = None
  8. price: float
  9. tax: Union[float, None] = None
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def update_item(
  12. item_id: int,
  13. item: Annotated[
  14. Item,
  15. Body(
  16. examples=[ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, }
  17. ],
  18. ),
  19. ],
  20. ):
  21. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  22. return results`
  1. from typing import Union
  2. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel
  4. from typing_extensions import Annotated
  5. app = FastAPI()
  6. class Item(BaseModel):
  7. name: str
  8. description: Union[str, None] = None
  9. price: float
  10. tax: Union[float, None] = None
  11. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  12. async def update_item(
  13. item_id: int,
  14. item: Annotated[
  15. Item,
  16. Body(
  17. examples=[ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, }
  18. ],
  19. ),
  20. ],
  21. ):
  22. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  23. return results`

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  2. from pydantic import BaseModel
  3. app = FastAPI()
  4. class Item(BaseModel):
  5. name: str
  6. description: str | None = None
  7. price: float
  8. tax: float | None = None
  9. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  10. async def update_item(
  11. item_id: int,
  12. item: Item = Body(
  13. examples=[ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, }
  14. ],
  15. ),
  16. ):
  17. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  18. return results`

Tip

尽可能选择使用 Annotated 的版本。

  1. from typing import Union
  2. from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
  3. from pydantic import BaseModel
  4. app = FastAPI()
  5. class Item(BaseModel):
  6. name: str
  7. description: Union[str, None] = None
  8. price: float
  9. tax: Union[float, None] = None
  10. @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
  11. async def update_item(
  12. item_id: int,
  13. item: Item = Body(
  14. examples=[ { "name": "Foo", "description": "A very nice Item", "price": 35.4, "tax": 3.2, }
  15. ],
  16. ),
  17. ):
  18. results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
  19. return results`

文档 UI 中的例子

使用上面的任何方法,它在 /docs 中看起来都是这样的:

模式的额外信息 - 例子 - 图1

技术细节

关于 exampleexamples

JSON Schema在最新的一个版本中定义了一个字段 examples ,但是 OpenAPI 基于之前的一个旧版JSON Schema,并没有 examples.

所以 OpenAPI为了相似的目的定义了自己的 example (使用 example, 而不是 examples), 这也是文档 UI 所使用的 (使用 Swagger UI).

所以,虽然 example 不是JSON Schema的一部分,但它是OpenAPI的一部分,这将被文档UI使用。

其他信息

同样的方法,你可以添加你自己的额外信息,这些信息将被添加到每个模型的JSON模式中,例如定制前端用户界面,等等。