使用 FastAPI,你可以定义、校验、记录文档并使用任意深度嵌套的模型(归功于Pydantic)。
List 字段
你可以将一个属性定义为拥有子元素的类型。例如 Python list
:
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: list = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: list = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
这将使 tags
成为一个由元素组成的列表。不过它没有声明每个元素的类型。
具有子类型的 List 字段
但是 Python 有一种特定的方法来声明具有子类型的列表:
从 typing 导入 List
首先,从 Python 的标准库 typing
模块中导入 List
:
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: List[str] = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
声明具有子类型的 List
要声明具有子类型的类型,例如 list
、dict
、tuple
:
- 从
typing
模块导入它们 - 使用方括号
[
和]
将子类型作为「类型参数」传入
from typing import List
my_list: List[str]`
这完全是用于类型声明的标准 Python 语法。
对具有子类型的模型属性也使用相同的标准语法。
因此,在我们的示例中,我们可以将 tags
明确地指定为一个「字符串列表」:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: list[str] = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: list[str] = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import List, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: List[str] = []
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
Set 类型
但是随后我们考虑了一下,意识到标签不应该重复,它们很大可能会是唯一的字符串。
Python 具有一种特殊的数据类型来保存一组唯一的元素,即 set
。
然后我们可以导入 Set
并将 tag
声明为一个由 str
组成的 set
:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
这样,即使你收到带有重复数据的请求,这些数据也会被转换为一组唯一项。
而且,每当你输出该数据时,即使源数据有重复,它们也将作为一组唯一项输出。
并且还会被相应地标注 / 记录文档。
嵌套模型
Pydantic 模型的每个属性都具有类型。
但是这个类型本身可以是另一个 Pydantic 模型。
因此,你可以声明拥有特定属性名称、类型和校验的深度嵌套的 JSON 对象。
上述这些都可以任意的嵌套。
定义子模型
例如,我们可以定义一个 Image
模型:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Image | None = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
将子模型用作类型
然后我们可以将其用作一个属性的类型:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Image | None = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: str
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
这意味着 FastAPI 将期望类似于以下内容的请求体:
{
"name": "Foo",
"description": "The pretender",
"price": 42.0,
"tax": 3.2,
"tags": ["rock", "metal", "bar"],
"image": {
"url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
"name": "The Foo live"
}
}
再一次,仅仅进行这样的声明,你将通过 FastAPI 获得:
- 对被嵌入的模型也适用的编辑器支持(自动补全等)
- 数据转换
- 数据校验
- 自动生成文档
特殊的类型和校验
除了普通的单一值类型(如 str
、int
、float
等)外,你还可以使用从 str
继承的更复杂的单一值类型。
要了解所有的可用选项,请查看关于 来自 Pydantic 的外部类型 的文档。你将在下一章节中看到一些示例。
例如,在 Image
模型中我们有一个 url
字段,我们可以把它声明为 Pydantic 的 HttpUrl
,而不是 str
:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Image | None = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
image: Union[Image, None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
该字符串将被检查是否为有效的 URL,并在 JSON Schema / OpenAPI 文档中进行记录。
带有一组子模型的属性
你还可以将 Pydantic 模型用作 list
、set
等的子类型:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
images: list[Image] | None = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
images: Union[list[Image], None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
from typing import List, Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
images: Union[List[Image], None] = None
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}
return results`
这将期望(转换,校验,记录文档等)下面这样的 JSON 请求体:
{
"name": "Foo",
"description": "The pretender",
"price": 42.0,
"tax": 3.2,
"tags": [
"rock",
"metal",
"bar"
],
"images": [ {
"url": "http://example.com/baz.jpg",
"name": "The Foo live"
},
{
"url": "http://example.com/dave.jpg",
"name": "The Baz"
}
]
}
Info
请注意 images
键现在具有一组 image 对象是如何发生的。
深度嵌套模型
你可以定义任意深度的嵌套模型:
Python 3.10+Python 3.9+Python 3.8+
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
tax: float | None = None
tags: set[str] = set()
images: list[Image] | None = None
class Offer(BaseModel):
name: str
description: str | None = None
price: float
items: list[Item]
@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
return offer`
from typing import Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: set[str] = set()
images: Union[list[Image], None] = None
class Offer(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
items: list[Item]
@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
return offer`
from typing import List, Set, Union
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
class Item(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
tax: Union[float, None] = None
tags: Set[str] = set()
images: Union[List[Image], None] = None
class Offer(BaseModel):
name: str
description: Union[str, None] = None
price: float
items: List[Item]
@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):
return offer`
Info
请注意 Offer
拥有一组 Item
而反过来 Item
又是一个可选的 Image
列表是如何发生的。
纯列表请求体
如果你期望的 JSON 请求体的最外层是一个 JSON array
(即 Python list
),则可以在路径操作函数的参数中声明此类型,就像声明 Pydantic 模型一样:
images: List[Image]
例如:
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: list[Image]):
return images`
from typing import List
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
app = FastAPI()
class Image(BaseModel):
url: HttpUrl
name: str
@app.post("/images/multiple/")
async def create_multiple_images(images: List[Image]):
return images`
无处不在的编辑器支持
你可以随处获得编辑器支持。
即使是列表中的元素:
如果你直接使用 dict
而不是 Pydantic 模型,那你将无法获得这种编辑器支持。
但是你根本不必担心这两者,传入的字典会自动被转换,你的输出也会自动被转换为 JSON。
任意 dict
构成的请求体
你也可以将请求体声明为使用某类型的键和其他类型值的 dict
。
无需事先知道有效的字段/属性(在使用 Pydantic 模型的场景)名称是什么。
如果你想接收一些尚且未知的键,这将很有用。
其他有用的场景是当你想要接收其他类型的键时,例如 int
。
这也是我们在接下来将看到的。
在下面的例子中,你将接受任意键为 int
类型并且值为 float
类型的 dict
:
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: dict[int, float]):
return weights`
from typing import Dict
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
@app.post("/index-weights/")
async def create_index_weights(weights: Dict[int, float]):
return weights`
Tip
请记住 JSON 仅支持将 str
作为键。
但是 Pydantic 具有自动转换数据的功能。
这意味着,即使你的 API 客户端只能将字符串作为键发送,只要这些字符串内容仅包含整数,Pydantic 就会对其进行转换并校验。
然后你接收的名为 weights
的 dict
实际上将具有 int
类型的键和 float
类型的值。
总结
使用 FastAPI 你可以拥有 Pydantic 模型提供的极高灵活性,同时保持代码的简单、简短和优雅。
而且还具有下列好处:
- 编辑器支持(处处皆可自动补全!)
- 数据转换(也被称为解析/序列化)
- 数据校验
- 模式文档
- 自动生成的文档