Explain 详解 - 《MySQL》

执行计划输出中各列详解
Json格式的执行计划

CREATE TABLE single_table (
    id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    key1 VARCHAR(100),
    key2 INT,
    key3 VARCHAR(100),
    key_part1 VARCHAR(100),
    key_part2 VARCHAR(100),
    key_part3 VARCHAR(100),
    common_field VARCHAR(100),
    PRIMARY KEY (id),
    KEY idx_key1 (key1),
    UNIQUE KEY idx_key2 (key2),
    KEY idx_key3 (key3),
    KEY idx_key_part(key_part1, key_part2, key_part3)
) Engine=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra          |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | No tables used |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

列名	描述
id	在一个大的查询语句中每个SELECT关键字都对应一个唯一的id
select_type	SELECT关键字对应的那个查询的类型
table	表名
partitions	匹配的分区信息
type	针对单表的访问方法
possible_keys	可能用到的索引
key	实际上使用的索引
key_len	实际使用到的索引长度
ref	当使用索引列等值查询时，与索引列进行等值匹配的对象信息
rows	预估的需要读取的记录条数
filtered	某个表经过搜索条件过滤后剩余记录条数的百分比
Extra	一些额外的信息

执行计划输出中各列详解

table

id

查询语句中每出现一个SELECT关键字，设计MySQL的大叔就会为它分配一个唯一的id值。

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 IN (SELECT key3 FROM s2 WHERE common_field = 'a');
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key3      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9954 |    10.00 | Using where; Start temporary |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s2.key3 |    1 |   100.00 | End temporary                |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

可以看到，上述连接查询中参与连接的s1和s2表分别对应一条记录，但是这两条记录对应的id值都是1。这里需要大家记住的是，在连接查询的执行计划中，每个表都会对应一条记录，这些记录的id列的值是相同的，出现在前边的表表示驱动表，出现在后边的表表示被驱动表。所以从上边的EXPLAIN输出中我们可以看出，查询优化器准备让s1表作为驱动表，让s2表作为被驱动表来执行查询。

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 IN (SELECT key1 FROM s2) OR key3 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | s1    | NULL       | ALL   | idx_key3      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | Using where |
|  2 | SUBQUERY    | s2    | NULL       | index | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | NULL | 9954 |   100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

从输出结果中我们可以看到，s1表在外层查询中，外层查询有一个独立的SELECT关键字，所以第一条记录的id值就是1，s2表在子查询中，子查询有一个独立的SELECT关键字，所以第二条记录的id值就是2。

但是这里大家需要特别注意，查询优化器可能对涉及子查询的查询语句进行重写，从而转换为连接查询。所以如果我们想知道查询优化器对某个包含子查询的语句是否进行了重写，直接查看执行计划就好了，比如说：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 IN (SELECT key3 FROM s2 WHERE common_field = 'a');
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key3      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9954 |    10.00 | Using where; Start temporary |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s2.key3 |    1 |   100.00 | End temporary                |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

可以看到，虽然我们的查询语句是一个子查询，但是执行计划中s1和s2表对应的记录的id值全部是1，这就表明了查询优化器将子查询转换为了连接查询。
对于包含UNION子句的查询语句来说，每个SELECT关键字对应一个id值也是没错的，不过还是有点儿特别的东西，比方说下边这个查询：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1  UNION SELECT * FROM s2;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type  | table      | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra           |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY      | s1         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL            |
|  2 | UNION        | s2         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9954 |   100.00 | NULL            |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1  UNION ALL SELECT * FROM s2;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  2 | UNION       | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9954 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

UNION子句是为了把id为1的查询和id为2的查询的结果集合并起来并去重，所以在内部创建了一个名为的临时表（就是执行计划第三条记录的table列的名称），id为NULL表明这个临时表是为了合并两个查询的结果集而创建的。
跟UNION对比起来，UNION ALL就不需要为最终的结果集进行去重，它只是单纯的把多个查询的结果集中的记录合并成一个并返回给用户，所以也就不需要使用临时表。

select_type

名称	描述
SIMPLE	Simple SELECT (not using UNION or subqueries) 查询语句中不包含UNION或者子查询的查询都算作是SIMPLE类型
PRIMARY	Outermost SELECT 对于包含UNION、UNION ALL或者子查询的大查询来说，它是由几个小查询组成的，其中最左边的那个查询的select_type值就是PRIMARY
UNION	Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION 对于包含UNION或者UNION ALL的大查询来说，它是由几个小查询组成的，其中除了最左边的那个小查询以外，其余的小查询的select_type值就是UNION
UNION RESULT	Result of a UNION MySQL选择使用临时表来完成UNION查询的去重工作
SUBQUERY	First SELECT in subquery 如果包含子查询的查询语句不能够转为对应的semi-join的形式，并且该子查询是不相关子查询，并且查询优化器决定采用将该子查询物化的方案来执行该子查询时，该子查询的第一个SELECT关键字代表的那个查询的select_type就是SUBQUERY
DEPENDENT SUBQUERY	First SELECT in subquery, dependent on outer query 如果包含子查询的查询语句不能够转为对应的semi-join的形式，并且该子查询是相关子查询，则该子查询的第一个SELECT关键字代表的那个查询的select_type就是DEPENDENT SUBQUERY
DEPENDENT UNION	Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION, dependent on outer query 在包含UNION或者UNION ALL的大查询中，如果各个小查询都依赖于外层查询的话，那除了最左边的那个小查询之外，其余的小查询的select_type的值就是DEPENDENT UNION
DERIVED	Derived table 对于采用物化的方式执行的包含派生表的查询，该派生表对应的子查询的select_type就是DERIVED
MATERIALIZED	Materialized subquery 当查询优化器在执行包含子查询的语句时，选择将子查询物化之后与外层查询进行连接查询时，该子查询对应的select_type属性就是MATERIALIZED
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY	A subquery for which the result cannot be cached and must be re-evaluated for each row of the outer query
UNCACHEABLE UNION	The second or later select in a UNION that belongs to an uncacheable subquery (see UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY)

partitions

type

完整的访问方法如下：system，const，eq_ref，ref，fulltext，ref_or_null，index_merge，unique_subquery，index_subquery，range，index，ALL。

system

当表中只有一条记录并且该表使用的存储引擎的统计数据是精确的，比如MyISAM、Memory，那么对该表的访问方法就是system

const

当我们根据主键或者唯一二级索引列与常数进行等值匹配时，对单表的访问方法就是const

eq_ref

在连接查询时，如果被驱动表是通过主键或者唯一二级索引列等值匹配的方式进行访问的（如果该主键或者唯一二级索引是联合索引的话，所有的索引列都必须进行等值比较），则对该被驱动表的访问方法就是eq_ref

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s1.id = s2.id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | xiaohaizi.s1.id |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

ref

通过普通的二级索引列与常量进行等值匹配时来查询某个表，那么对该表的访问方法就可能是ref

fulltext

全文索引

ref_or_null

当对普通二级索引进行等值匹配查询，该索引列的值也可以是NULL值时，那么对该表的访问方法就可能是ref_or_null

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a' OR key1 IS NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type        | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref_or_null | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | const |    9 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

index_merge

一般情况下对于某个表的查询只能使用到一个索引，但我们唠叨单表访问方法时特意强调了在某些场景下可以使用Intersection、Union、Sort-Union这三种索引合并的方式来执行查询

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a' OR key3 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type        | possible_keys     | key               | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | index_merge | idx_key1,idx_key3 | idx_key1,idx_key3 | 303,303 | NULL |   14 |   100.00 | Using union(idx_key1,idx_key3); Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

unique_subquery

类似于两表连接中被驱动表的eq_ref访问方法，unique_subquery是针对在一些包含IN子查询的查询语句中，如果查询优化器决定将IN子查询转换为EXISTS子查询，而且子查询可以使用到主键进行等值匹配的话，那么该子查询执行计划的type列的值就是unique_subquery

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key2 IN (SELECT id FROM s2 where s1.key1 = s2.key1) OR key3 = 'a';
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type        | table | partitions | type            | possible_keys    | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | s1    | NULL       | ALL             | idx_key3         | NULL    | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | Using where |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | s2    | NULL       | unique_subquery | PRIMARY,idx_key1 | PRIMARY | 4       | func |    1 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+-----------------+------------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

index_subquery

index_subquery与unique_subquery类似，只不过访问子查询中的表时使用的是普通的索引

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE common_field IN (SELECT key3 FROM s2 where s1.key1 = s2.key1) OR key3 = 'a';
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+----------------+-------------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type        | table | partitions | type           | possible_keys     | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+----------------+-------------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | s1    | NULL       | ALL            | idx_key3          | NULL     | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | Using where |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | s2    | NULL       | index_subquery | idx_key1,idx_key3 | idx_key3 | 303     | func |    1 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+----------------+-------------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

range

如果使用索引获取某些范围区间的记录，那么就可能使用到range访问方法

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 IN ('a', 'b', 'c');
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | range | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | NULL |   27 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

index

当我们可以使用索引覆盖，但需要扫描全部的索引记录时，该表的访问方法就是index

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT key_part2 FROM s1 WHERE key_part3 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_key_part | 909     | NULL | 9688 |    10.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ALL

全表扫描

possible_keys和key

在EXPLAIN语句输出的执行计划中，possible_keys列表示在某个查询语句中，对某个表执行单表查询时可能用到的索引有哪些，key列表示实际用到的索引有哪些。
不过有一点比较特别，就是在使用index访问方法来查询某个表时，possible_keys列是空的，而key列展示的是实际使用到的索引，比如这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT key_part2 FROM s1 WHERE key_part3 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_key_part | 909     | NULL | 9688 |    10.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

另外需要注意的一点是，possible_keys列中的值并不是越多越好，可能使用的索引越多，查询优化器计算查询成本时就得花费更长时间，所以如果可以的话，尽量删除那些用不到的索引。

key_len

key_len列表示当优化器决定使用某个索引执行查询时，该索引记录的最大长度，它是由这三个部分构成的：

对于使用固定长度类型的索引列来说，它实际占用的存储空间的最大长度就是该固定值，对于指定字符集的变长类型的索引列来说，比如某个索引列的类型是VARCHAR(100)，使用的字符集是utf8，那么该列实际占用的最大存储空间就是100 × 3 = 300个字节。
如果该索引列可以存储NULL值，则key_len比不可以存储NULL值时多1个字节。
对于变长字段来说，都会有2个字节的空间来存储该变长列的实际长度。

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key2 = 5;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | const | idx_key2      | idx_key2 | 5       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
可以看到key_len列就变成了5，比使用id列的索引时多了1。

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key_part1 = 'a' AND key_part2 = 'b';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref         | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key_part  | idx_key_part | 606     | const,const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
这个查询的执行计划的ken_len列的值是606，说明执行这个查询的时候可以用到联合索引idx_key_part的两个索引列。

ref

当使用索引列等值匹配的条件去执行查询时，也就是在访问方法是const、eq_ref、ref、ref_or_null、unique_subquery、index_subquery其中之一时，ref列展示的就是与索引列作等值匹配的东东是个啥，比如只是一个常数或者是某个列

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | const |    8 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

可以看到ref列的值是const，表明在使用idx_key1索引执行查询时，与key1列作等值匹配的对象是一个常数


mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s1.id = s2.id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | xiaohaizi.s1.id |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+----------+-------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

可以看到对被驱动表s2的访问方法是eq_ref，而对应的ref列的值是xiaohaizi.s1.id，这说明在对被驱动表进行访问时会用到PRIMARY索引，也就是聚簇索引与一个列进行等值匹配的条件，于s2表的id作等值匹配的对象就是xiaohaizi.s1.id列（注意这里把数据库名也写出来了）。

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s2.key1 = UPPER(s1.key1);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL     | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL                  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | func |    1 |   100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

我们看执行计划的第二条记录，可以看到对s2表采用ref访问方法执行查询，然后在查询计划的ref列里输出的是func，说明与s2表的key1列进行等值匹配的对象是一个函数。

rows

如果查询优化器决定使用全表扫描的方式对某个表执行查询时，执行计划的rows列就代表预计需要扫描的行数，如果使用索引来执行查询时，执行计划的rows列就代表预计扫描的索引记录行数。

filtered

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s1.key1 = s2.key1 WHERE s1.common_field = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key1      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9688 |    10.00 | Using where |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s1.key1 |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

从执行计划中可以看出来，查询优化器打算把s1当作驱动表，s2当作被驱动表。我们可以看到驱动表s1表的执行计划的rows列为9688， filtered列为10.00，这意味着驱动表s1的扇出值就是9688 × 10.00% = 968.8，这说明还要对被驱动表执行大约968次查询。

Extra

No tables used

当查询语句的没有FROM子句时将会提示该额外信息

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra          |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | No tables used |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Impossible WHERE

查询语句的WHERE子句永远为FALSE时将会提示该额外信息，比方说：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE 1 != 1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra            |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Impossible WHERE |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

No matching min/max row

当查询列表处有MIN或者MAX聚集函数，但是并没有符合WHERE子句中的搜索条件的记录时，将会提示该额外信息，比方说：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT MIN(key1) FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'abcdefg';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                   |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | No matching min/max row |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Using index

当我们的查询列表以及搜索条件中只包含属于某个索引的列，也就是在可以使用索引覆盖的情况下，在Extra列将会提示该额外信息。比方说下边这个查询中只需要用到idx_key1而不需要回表操作：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT key1 FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | const |    8 |   100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Using index condition

有些搜索条件中虽然出现了索引列，但却不能使用到索引，比如下边这个查询：

SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 > 'z' AND key1 LIKE '%a';

其中的key1 > ‘z’可以使用到索引，但是key1 LIKE ‘%a’却无法使用到索引。虽然key1 LIKE ‘%a’不能组成范围区间参与range访问方法的执行，但这个条件毕竟只涉及到了key1列，所以设计MySQL的大叔把上边的步骤改进了一下：

先根据key1 > ‘z’这个条件，定位到二级索引idx_key1中对应的二级索引记录。
对于指定的二级索引记录，先不着急回表，而是先检测一下该记录是否满足key1 LIKE ‘%a’这个条件，如果这个条件不满足，则该二级索引记录压根儿就没必要回表。
对于满足key1 LIKE ‘%a’这个条件的二级索引记录执行回表操作。

我们说回表操作其实是一个随机IO，比较耗时，所以上述修改虽然只改进了一点点，但是可以省去好多回表操作的成本。设计MySQL的大叔们把他们的这个改进称之为索引条件下推（英文名：Index Condition Pushdown）

Using where

当我们使用全表扫描来执行对某个表的查询，并且该语句的WHERE子句中有针对该表的搜索条件时，在Extra列中会提示上述额外信息。比如下边这个查询：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE common_field = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

当使用索引访问来执行对某个表的查询，并且该语句的WHERE子句中有除了该索引包含的列之外的其他搜索条件时，在Extra列中也会提示上述额外信息

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a' AND common_field = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | const |    8 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)

在连接查询执行过程中，当被驱动表不能有效的利用索引加快访问速度，MySQL一般会为其分配一块名叫join buffer的内存块来加快查询速度，也就是我们所讲的基于块的嵌套循环算法，比如下边这个查询语句：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s1.common_field = s2.common_field;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9954 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)

可以在对s2表的执行计划的Extra列显示了两个提示：

Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)：这是因为对表s2的访问不能有效利用索引，只好退而求其次，使用join buffer来减少对s2表的访问次数，从而提高性能。
Using where：可以看到查询语句中有一个s1.common_field = s2.common_field条件，因为s1是驱动表，s2是被驱动表，所以在访问s2表时，s1.common_field的值已经确定下来了，所以实际上查询s2表的条件就是s2.common_field = 一个常数，所以提示了Using where额外信息。
Not exists

当我们使用左（外）连接时，如果WHERE子句中包含要求被驱动表的某个列等于NULL值的搜索条件，而且那个列又是不允许存储NULL值的，那么在该表的执行计划的Extra列就会提示Not exists额外信息，比如这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 LEFT JOIN s2 ON s1.key1 = s2.key1 WHERE s2.id IS NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                   |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9688 |   100.00 | NULL                    |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s1.key1 |    1 |    10.00 | Using where; Not exists |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

上述查询中s1表是驱动表，s2表是被驱动表，s2.id列是不允许存储NULL值的，而WHERE子句中又包含s2.id IS NULL的搜索条件，这意味着必定是驱动表的记录在被驱动表中找不到匹配ON子句条件的记录才会把该驱动表的记录加入到最终的结果集，所以对于某条驱动表中的记录来说，如果能在被驱动表中找到1条符合ON子句条件的记录，那么该驱动表的记录就不会被加入到最终的结果集，也就是说我们没有必要到被驱动表中找到全部符合ON子句条件的记录，这样可以稍微节省一点性能。

Using intersect(…)、Using union(…)和Using sort_union(…)

如果执行计划的Extra列出现了Using intersect(…)提示，说明准备使用Intersect索引合并的方式执行查询，括号中的…表示需要进行索引合并的索引名称；如果出现了Using union(…)提示，说明准备使用Union索引合并的方式执行查询；出现了Using sort_union(…)提示，说明准备使用Sort-Union索引合并的方式执行查询。比如这个查询的执行计划：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 = 'a' AND key3 = 'a';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type        | possible_keys     | key               | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                           |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | index_merge | idx_key1,idx_key3 | idx_key3,idx_key1 | 303,303 | NULL |    1 |   100.00 | Using intersect(idx_key3,idx_key1); Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

Zero limit

当我们的LIMIT子句的参数为0时，表示压根儿不打算从表中读出任何记录，将会提示该额外信息，比如这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 LIMIT 0;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra      |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | NULL  | NULL       | NULL | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Zero limit |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Using filesort

把这种在内存中或者磁盘上进行排序的方式统称为文件排序（英文名：filesort）。如果某个查询需要使用文件排序的方式执行查询，就会在执行计划的Extra列中显示Using filesort提示

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 ORDER BY common_field LIMIT 10;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra          |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Using temporary

在许多查询的执行过程中，MySQL可能会借助临时表来完成一些功能，比如去重、排序之类的，比如我们在执行许多包含DISTINCT、GROUP BY、UNION等子句的查询过程中，如果不能有效利用索引来完成查询，MySQL很有可能寻求通过建立内部的临时表来执行查询。如果查询中使用到了内部的临时表，在执行计划的Extra列将会显示Using temporary提示，比方说这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT DISTINCT common_field FROM s1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra           |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9688 |   100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Start temporary, End temporary

我们前边唠叨子查询的时候说过，查询优化器会优先尝试将IN子查询转换成semi-join，而semi-join又有好多种执行策略，当执行策略为DuplicateWeedout （重复值消除）时，也就是通过建立临时表来实现为外层查询中的记录进行去重操作时，驱动表查询执行计划的Extra列将显示Start temporary提示，被驱动表查询执行计划的Extra列将显示End temporary提示，就是这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key1 IN (SELECT key3 FROM s2 WHERE common_field = 'a');
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key3      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9954 |    10.00 | Using where; Start temporary |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s2.key3 |    1 |   100.00 | End temporary                |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

LooseScan

在将In子查询转为semi-join时，如果采用的是LooseScan （松散扫描）执行策略，则在驱动表执行计划的Extra列就是显示LooseScan提示，比如这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE key3 IN (SELECT key1 FROM s2 WHERE key1 > 'z');
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                               |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | range | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | NULL              |  270 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index; LooseScan |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref   | idx_key3      | idx_key3 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s2.key1 |    1 |   100.00 | NULL                                |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

FirstMatch(tbl_name)

在将In子查询转为semi-join时，如果采用的是FirstMatch（首次匹配）执行策略，则在被驱动表执行计划的Extra列就是显示FirstMatch(tbl_name)提示，比如这样：

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM s1 WHERE common_field IN (SELECT key1 FROM s2 where s1.key3 = s2.key3);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys     | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra                       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key3          | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9688 |   100.00 | Using where                 |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1,idx_key3 | idx_key3 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s1.key3 |    1 |     4.87 | Using where; FirstMatch(s1) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+-------------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

Json格式的执行计划

我们上边介绍的EXPLAIN语句输出中缺少了一个衡量执行计划好坏的重要属性 —— 成本。不过设计MySQL的大叔贴心的为我们提供了一种查看某个执行计划花费的成本的方式：

在EXPLAIN单词和真正的查询语句中间加上FORMAT=JSON。 ```sql mysql> EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON SELECT FROM s1 INNER JOIN s2 ON s1.key1 = s2.key2 WHERE s1.common_field = ‘a’\G ** 1. row *

EXPLAIN: { “query_block”: { “select_id”: 1, # 整个查询语句只有1个SELECT关键字，该关键字对应的id号为1 “cost_info”: { “query_cost”: “3197.16” # 整个查询的执行成本预计为3197.16 }, “nested_loop”: [ # 几个表之间采用嵌套循环连接算法执行

# 以下是参与嵌套循环连接算法的各个表的信息
  {
    "table": {
      "table_name": "s1",   # s1表是驱动表
      "access_type": "ALL",     # 访问方法为ALL，意味着使用全表扫描访问
      "possible_keys": [    # 可能使用的索引
        "idx_key1"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 9688,   # 查询一次s1表大致需要扫描9688条记录
      "rows_produced_per_join": 968,    # 驱动表s1的扇出是968
      "filtered": "10.00",  # condition filtering代表的百分比
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "1840.84",     # 稍后解释
        "eval_cost": "193.76",      # 稍后解释
        "prefix_cost": "2034.60",   # 单次查询s1表总共的成本
        "data_read_per_join": "1M"  # 读取的数据量
      },
      "used_columns": [     # 执行查询中涉及到的列
        "id",
        "key1",
        "key2",
        "key3",
        "key_part1",
        "key_part2",
        "key_part3",
        "common_field"
      ],
                # 对s1表访问时针对单表查询的条件
      "attached_condition": "((`xiaohaizi`.`s1`.`common_field` = 'a') and (`xiaohaizi`.`s1`.`key1` is not null))"
    }
  },
  {
    "table": {
      "table_name": "s2",   # s2表是被驱动表
      "access_type": "ref",     # 访问方法为ref，意味着使用索引等值匹配的方式访问
      "possible_keys": [    # 可能使用的索引
        "idx_key2"
      ],
      "key": "idx_key2",    # 实际使用的索引
      "used_key_parts": [   # 使用到的索引列
        "key2"
      ],
      "key_length": "5",    # key_len
      "ref": [      # 与key2列进行等值匹配的对象
        "xiaohaizi.s1.key1"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,  # 查询一次s2表大致需要扫描1条记录
      "rows_produced_per_join": 968,    # 被驱动表s2的扇出是968（由于后边没有多余的表进行连接，所以这个值也没啥用）
      "filtered": "100.00",     # condition filtering代表的百分比

      # s2表使用索引进行查询的搜索条件
      "index_condition": "(`xiaohaizi`.`s1`.`key1` = `xiaohaizi`.`s2`.`key2`)",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "968.80",      # 稍后解释
        "eval_cost": "193.76",      # 稍后解释
        "prefix_cost": "3197.16",   # 单次查询s1、多次查询s2表总共的成本
        "data_read_per_join": "1M"  # 读取的数据量
      },
      "used_columns": [     # 执行查询中涉及到的列
        "id",
        "key1",
        "key2",
        "key3",
        "key_part1",
        "key_part2",
        "key_part3",
        "common_field"
      ]
    }
  }
]

} } 1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

<a name="Bkus7"></a>
## Extented EXPLAIN
最后，设计MySQL的大叔还为我们留了个彩蛋，在我们使用EXPLAIN语句查看了某个查询的执行计划后，紧接着还可以使用SHOW WARNINGS语句查看与这个查询的执行计划有关的一些扩展信息
```sql
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT s1.key1, s2.key1 FROM s1 LEFT JOIN s2 ON s1.key1 = s2.key1 WHERE s2.common_field IS NOT NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref               | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s2    | NULL       | ALL  | idx_key1      | NULL     | NULL    | NULL              | 9954 |    90.00 | Using where |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s1    | NULL       | ref  | idx_key1      | idx_key1 | 303     | xiaohaizi.s2.key1 |    1 |   100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------------------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW WARNINGS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
  Level: Note
   Code: 1003
Message: /* select#1 */ select `xiaohaizi`.`s1`.`key1` AS `key1`,`xiaohaizi`.`s2`.`key1` AS `key1` from `xiaohaizi`.`s1` join `xiaohaizi`.`s2` where ((`xiaohaizi`.`s1`.`key1` = `xiaohaizi`.`s2`.`key1`) and (`xiaohaizi`.`s2`.`common_field` is not null))
1 row in set (0.00 sec)