一、MySQL多表查询
(一)子查询
# 子查询介绍及用法1) 子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。2) 内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。3) 子查询中可以包含:in、not in、any、all、exists 和 not exists 等关键字。4) 还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 != 、> 、 < 等。
1.带in关键字的子查询
# 查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门mysql> select id,name from departmentwhere id in(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);# 查看技术部员工姓名mysql> select name from employeewhere dep_id in(select id from department where name='技术');# 查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)mysql> select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
注意:not in 无法处理null的值,即子查询中如果存在null的值,not in 将无法处理,如下:
mysql> insert emp(name,sex,age) values("xxx","male",66);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from emp;+----+------------+--------+------+--------+| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |+----+------------+--------+------+--------+| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 || 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 || 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 || 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 || 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 || 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 || 7 | xxx | male | 66 | NULL |+----+------------+--------+------+--------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from dep;+------+--------------+| id | name |+------+--------------+| 200 | 技术 || 201 | 人力资源 || 202 | 销售 || 203 | 运营 |+------+--------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 子查询中存在nullmysql> select * from dep where id not in (select distinct dep_id from emp);Empty set (0.00 sec)# 解决方案如下mysql> select * from dep where id not in (select distinct dep_id from emp where dep_id is not null);+------+--------+| id | name |+------+--------+| 203 | 运营 |+------+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql>
2.带any关键字的子查询
# 在SQL中。 any 和 some 是同义词,some 的用法、功能和 any 一摸一样。# any 和 in 运算符不同之处1;any 必须和其他的比较运算符共同使用,而 any 必须将比较运算符放在 any 关键字之前,所以比较的值需要匹配子查询中的任意一个值,这就是 any 在英文中所表示的意义。mysql> select * from employee where salary = any(select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id);mysql> select * from employee where salary in (select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id);mysql> select * from employee where !(salary = any(select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id));mysql> select * from employee where salary not in (select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id);#### 结论:也就是说“=ANY”等价于 IN 运算符,而“<>ANY”则等价于 NOT IN 运算符 ##### any 和 in 运算符不同之处2:ANY 运算符不能与固定的集合相匹配,比如下面的 SQL 语句是错误的SELECT*FROMT_BookWHEREFYearPublished < ANY (2001, 2003, 2005)
3.带all关键字的子查询
# all 同 any 类似,只不过all表示的是所有, any 表示的是任一查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都高的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以上的狗币资本家mysql> select * from employee where salary > all (select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都低的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以下的无产阶级劳苦大众mysql> select * from employee where salary < all (select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资低的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以下的员工mysql> select * from employee where salary < any (select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资高的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以上的员工mysql> select * from employee where salary > any (select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);
4.带比较运算符的子查询
# 比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<># 查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);+---------+------+| name | age |+---------+------+| alex | 48 || wupeiqi | 38 |+---------+------+# 查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄mysql> select name,age from employeeinner join(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from employee group by dep_id) t2on employee.dep_id = t2.dep_idwhere employee.age > t2.avg_age;+------+------+| name | age |+------+------+| alex | 48 |+------+------+
5.带exists关键字的子查询
exists关键字表示存在,在使用exists关键字时,内层循环语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。True或False。当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询。
# department表中存在dept_id=200,Turemysql> select * from employeewhere exists(select id from department where id = 200);+----+------------+--------+------+--------+| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |+----+------------+--------+------+--------+| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 || 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 || 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 || 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 || 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 || 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |+----+------------+--------+------+--------+# department表中存在dept_id=204,Falsemysql> select * from employeewhere exists(select id from department where id = 204);Empty set (0.00 sec)
6.in与exists
!!!!!!当in和exists在查询效率上比较时,in查询的效率快于exists的查询效率!!!!!!==============================exists==============================# exists:exists 后面一般都是子查询,后面的子查询被称作相关子查询(即与主语句相关),当子查询返回行数时,exists条件返回True。否则返回false,exists 是不返回列表的值的,exists 只在乎括号里的数据能不能查出来,是否存在这样的记录。# 示例:查询出那些班级里有学生的班级select * from class where exists (select * from stu where stu.cid=class.id);# exists的执行原理为:1、依次执行外部查询:即select * from class2、然后为外部查询返回的每一行分别执行一次子查询:即(select * from stu where stu.cid=class.cid)3、子查询如果返回行,则exists条件成立,条件成立则输出外部查询取出的那条记录============================== in ==============================# in:in 后面跟的都是子查询,in()后面的子查询 是返回结果集里的# 示例:查询和所有女生年龄相同的男生select * from stu where sex='男' and age in(select age from stu where sex='女')# in 的执行原理为:1、 in()的执行次序和 exists()不一样, in()的子查询会先产生结果集,2、 然后主查询再去结果集里去找符合要求的字段列表去。符合要求的输出,反之则不输出。
7.not in与 not exists
!!!!!!not exists查询的效率远远高与not in查询的效率。!!!!!!============================== not in ==============================not in()子查询的执行顺序是:为了证明 not in 成立,即找不到,需要一条一条地查询,符合要求才返回子查询的结果集,不符合的就继续查询下一条记录,直到把表中的记录查询完,只能查询全部记录才能证明,并没有用到索引。==============================not exists==============================not exists :如果主查询表中记录少,子查询表中地记录多,并有索引。就使用 not exists.# 例如:查询那些班级中没有学生的班级select * from class where not exists(select * from student where student.cid = class.cid);not exists的执行顺序是:在表中查询,是根据索引查询的,如果存在就返回true,如果不存在就返回false,不会每条记录都去查询。
8.应用示例
# 准备数据create database db13;use db13create table student(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(16));create table course(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(16),comment varchar(20));create table student2course(id int primary key auto_increment,sid int,cid int,foreign key(sid) references student(id),foreign key(cid) references course(id));insert into student(name) values("egon"),("lili"),("jack"),("tom");insert into course(name,comment) values("数据库","数据仓库"),("数学","根本学不会"),("英语","鸟语花香");insert into student2course(sid,cid) values(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(3,2);
代码示例:
# 1、查询选修了所有课程的学生id、name:(即该学生根本就不存在一门他没有选的课程。)select * from student s where not exists(select * from course c where not exists(select * from student2course sc where sc.sid=s.id and sc.cid=c.id));select s.name from student as sinner join student2course as scon s.id=sc.sidgroup by s.namehaving count(sc.id) = (select count(id) from course);# 2、查询没有选择所有课程的学生,即没有全选的学生。(存在这样的一个学生,他至少有一门课没有选)select * from student s where exists(select * from course c where not exists(select * from student2course sc where sc.sid=s.id and sc.cid=c.id));# 3、查询一门课也没有选的学生。(不存这样的一个学生,他至少选修一门课程)select * from student s where not exists(select * from course c where exists(select * from student2course sc where sc.sid=s.id and sc.cid=c.id));# 4、查询至少选修了一门课程的学生。select * from student s where exists(select * from course c where exists(select * from student2course sc where sc.sid=s.id and sc.cid=c.id));
