左神算法

认识时间复杂度

常数时间的操作：
一个操作如果和样本的数据量没关系，每次都是固定时间内完成的操

时间复杂度是一个算法流程中，常数操作数量的一个指标。常用O（独坐big O）来表示。具体来说，先要对一个算法流程非常熟悉，然后写出这个算法流程中发生了多少常数操作，进而总结出这个算法中常数操作数量的表达式。

在表达式中，只要高阶项，不要低阶项，也不要高阶项的系数

评价一个算法流程的好坏，先看时间复杂度的指标，如果相同，不能根据高阶系数判断，因为不同的常数时间的操作的执行时间不同，因此，需要分析不同数据样本的实际运行时间判断

异或运算

这种异或方式的交换最好不要放在数组中进行，例如
public void swap(int[] arr,int i,int j){
arr[i]=arr[i]^arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[i]^arr[j];
arr[i]=arr[i]^arr[j];
}
如果i，j相等，则arr[i]会变为0

问题一：在一个数字序列中，有一个数出现了奇数次，其他数都出现了偶数次，找到这个奇数。
问题二：在一个数字序列中，有两个数出现了奇数次，其他数都出现了偶数次，寻找这两个数

package class01;
public class Code07_EvenTimesOddTimes {
    public static void printOddTimesNum1(int[] arr) {
        int eO = 0;
        for (int cur : arr) {
            eO ^= cur;
        }
        System.out.println(eO);
    }
    public static void printOddTimesNum2(int[] arr) {
        int eO = 0, eOhasOne = 0;
        for (int curNum : arr) {
            eO ^= curNum;
        }
        //e0=a^b
        //e0不等于0
        //e0的二进制位上一定有一个位置x是1，则a和b则在这个位上一个是1，一个是0
        int rightOne = eO & (~eO + 1);  //常规操作：一个数 与 这个数取反加1  ===  提取这个数的最右边的1
        //在所有数组中，将数分为x上是1和x上是0的两个部分
        //数组中异或上在x位置上是0的数，结果就是a或者b
        for (int cur : arr) {
            if ((cur & rightOne) != 0) {
                eOhasOne ^= cur;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(eOhasOne + " " + (eO ^ eOhasOne));
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 5;
        int b = 7;
        a = a ^ b;
        b = a ^ b;
        a = a ^ b;
        System.out.println(a);
        System.out.println(b);
        int[] arr1 = { 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1 };
        printOddTimesNum1(arr1);
        int[] arr2 = { 4, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 4, 2, 2 };
        printOddTimesNum2(arr2);
    }
}

局部最小值问题

查询一个数组的任意一个局部最小值(如果第0个元素 < 第1个元素，0就是局部最小 , 第length - 1个元素 < 第length - 2元素，length - 1 就是局部最小),中间部分要满足局部最小值需要该位置上的值既小于左边元素值也小于右边元素值,。其中，数组无序且相邻两个数一定不相等。

package class01;
public class Code09_FindOneLessValueIndex {
    public static int getLessIndex(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length == 0) {
            return -1; // no exist
        }
        if (arr.length == 1 || arr[0] < arr[1]) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (arr[arr.length - 1] < arr[arr.length - 2]) {
            return arr.length - 1;
        }
        int left = 1;
        int right = arr.length - 2;
        int mid = 0;
        while (left < right) {
            mid = (left + right) / 2;
            if (arr[mid] > arr[mid - 1]) {
                right = mid - 1;
            } else if (arr[mid] > arr[mid + 1]) {
                left = mid + 1;
            } else {
                return mid;
            }
        }
        return left;
    }
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i != arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = { 6, 5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 };
        printArray(arr);
        int index = getLessIndex(arr);
        System.out.println("index: " + index + ", value: " + arr[index]);
    }
}

选择排序

package class01;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Code01_SelectionSort {
    public static void selectionSort(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++) {
            int minIndex = i;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++) {
                minIndex = arr[j] < arr[minIndex] ? j : minIndex;
            }
            swap(arr, i, minIndex);
        }
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }
    // for test
    public static void comparator(int[] arr) {
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            selectionSort(arr1);
            comparator(arr2);
            if (!isEqual(arr1, arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                printArray(arr1);
                printArray(arr2);
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
        int[] arr = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
        printArray(arr);
        selectionSort(arr);
        printArray(arr);
    }
}

冒泡排序

package class01;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Code02_BubbleSort {
    public static void bubbleSort(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return;
        }
        for (int e = arr.length - 1; e > 0; e--) {
            for (int i = 0; i < e; i++) {
                if (arr[i] > arr[i + 1]) {
                    swap(arr, i, i + 1);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
        arr[j] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
        arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
    }
    // for test
    public static void comparator(int[] arr) {
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            bubbleSort(arr1);
            comparator(arr2);
            if (!isEqual(arr1, arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
        int[] arr = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
        printArray(arr);
        bubbleSort(arr);
        printArray(arr);
    }
}

插入排序

package class01;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Code03_InsertionSort {
    public static void insertionSort(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
            for (int j = i - 1; j >= 0 && arr[j] > arr[j + 1]; j--) {
                swap(arr, j, j + 1);
            }
        }
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
        arr[j] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
        arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
    }
    // for test
    public static void comparator(int[] arr) {
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            insertionSort(arr1);
            comparator(arr2);
            if (!isEqual(arr1, arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
        int[] arr = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
        printArray(arr);
        insertionSort(arr);
        printArray(arr);
    }
}

递归

求一个数组中最大的数

package class01;
public class Code08_GetMax {
    public static int getMax(int[] arr) {
        return process(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
    }
    public static int process(int[] arr, int L, int R) {
        if (L == R) {
            return arr[L];
        }
        int mid = L + ((R - L) >> 1);
        int leftMax = process(arr, L, mid);
        int rightMax = process(arr, mid + 1, R);
        return Math.max(leftMax, rightMax);
    }
}

归并排序

小和问题：

public static int smallSum(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return 0;
        }
        return mergeSort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
    }
    public static int mergeSort(int[] arr, int l, int r) {
        if (l == r) {
            return 0;
        }
        int mid = l + ((r - l) >> 1);
        return mergeSort(arr, l, mid) 
                + mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, r) 
                + merge(arr, l, mid, r);
    }
    public static int merge(int[] arr, int l, int m, int r) {
        int[] help = new int[r - l + 1];
        int i = 0;
        int p1 = l;
        int p2 = m + 1;
        int res = 0;
        while (p1 <= m && p2 <= r) {
            res += arr[p1] < arr[p2] ? (r - p2 + 1) * arr[p1] : 0;
            help[i++] = arr[p1] < arr[p2] ? arr[p1++] : arr[p2++];
        }
        while (p1 <= m) {
            help[i++] = arr[p1++];
        }
        while (p2 <= r) {
            help[i++] = arr[p2++];
        }
        for (i = 0; i < help.length; i++) {
            arr[l + i] = help[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static int comparator(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return 0;
        }
        int res = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                res += arr[j] < arr[i] ? arr[j] : 0;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            if (smallSum(arr1) != comparator(arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                printArray(arr1);
                printArray(arr2);
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
    }

逆序对问题，和求小和问题类似，只不过是变成小于的关系

public static int versePairs(int[] arr){
    if(arr==null||arr.lenth==1){
        return 0;
    }
    return process(arr,0,arr.length-1);
}
public static int process(int[] arr, int l, int r){
    if(l==r){
        return 0;
    }
    int mid = l + (r - l) >> 1;
    return process(arr, l, mid)
            +process(arr, mid+1, r)
            +merge(arr, l, mid, r);
}
public static int merge(int[] arr, int l, int mid, int r){
    int[] help = new int[r-l+1];
    int i = 0;
    int p1 = l;
    int p2 = mid + 1;
    int res = 0;
    while(p1<=mid && p2<=r){
        res += arr[p1]>arr[p2] ? 1:0;
        help[i++] = arr[p1]<arr[p2] ? arr[p1++] : arr[p2++];
    }
    while(p1<=mid){
        help[i++] = arr[p1++];
    }
    while(p2<=r){
        help[i++] = arr[p2++];
    }
    for(int i=0;i<help.length;i++){
        arr[l+i]=help[i];
    }
    return res;
}

荷兰国旗问题（快速排序）

问题一：

问题二：

package class02;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Code06_QuickSort {
    public static void quickSort(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return;
        }
        quickSort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
    }
    public static void quickSort(int[] arr, int l, int r) {
        if (l < r) {
            swap(arr, l + (int) (Math.random() * (r - l + 1)), r);
            int[] p = partition(arr, l, r);
            quickSort(arr, l, p[0] - 1);
            quickSort(arr, p[1] + 1, r);
        }
    }
    public static int[] partition(int[] arr, int l, int r) {
        int less = l - 1;
        int more = r;
        while (l < more) {
            if (arr[l] < arr[r]) {
                swap(arr, ++less, l++);
            } else if (arr[l] > arr[r]) {
                swap(arr, --more, l);
            } else {
                l++;
            }
        }
        swap(arr, more, r);
        return new int[] { less + 1, more };
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }
    // for test
    public static void comparator(int[] arr) {
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            quickSort(arr1);
            comparator(arr2);
            if (!isEqual(arr1, arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                printArray(arr1);
                printArray(arr2);
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
        int[] arr = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
        printArray(arr);
        quickSort(arr);
        printArray(arr);
    }
}

堆

package class02;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Code03_HeapSort {
    public static void heapSort(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null || arr.length < 2) {
            return;
        }
        //for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {  //O(NlogN)
        //    heapInsert(arr, i);
        //}
        for(int i=arr.length-1; i>=0; i--){   //O(N)
            heapifer(arr,i,arr.length);
        }
        int size = arr.length;
        swap(arr, 0, --size);
        while (size > 0) {
            heapify(arr, 0, size);
            swap(arr, 0, --size);
        }
    }
    public static void heapInsert(int[] arr, int index) {
        while (arr[index] > arr[(index - 1) / 2]) {
            swap(arr, index, (index - 1) /2);
            index = (index - 1)/2 ;
        }
    }
    public static void heapify(int[] arr, int index, int size) {
        int left = index * 2 + 1;
        while (left < size) {
            int largest = left + 1 < size && arr[left + 1] > arr[left] ? left + 1 : left;
            largest = arr[largest] > arr[index] ? largest : index;
            if (largest == index) {
                break;
            }
            swap(arr, largest, index);
            index = largest;
            left = index * 2 + 1;
        }
    }
    public static void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
        int tmp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[j];
        arr[j] = tmp;
    }
    // for test
    public static void comparator(int[] arr) {
        Arrays.sort(arr);
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] generateRandomArray(int maxSize, int maxValue) {
        int[] arr = new int[(int) ((maxSize + 1) * Math.random())];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            arr[i] = (int) ((maxValue + 1) * Math.random()) - (int) (maxValue * Math.random());
        }
        return arr;
    }
    // for test
    public static int[] copyArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return null;
        }
        int[] res = new int[arr.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            res[i] = arr[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
    // for test
    public static boolean isEqual(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
        if ((arr1 == null && arr2 != null) || (arr1 != null && arr2 == null)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (arr1 == null && arr2 == null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (arr1.length != arr2.length) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
            if (arr1[i] != arr2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    // for test
    public static void printArray(int[] arr) {
        if (arr == null) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    // for test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int testTime = 500000;
        int maxSize = 100;
        int maxValue = 100;
        boolean succeed = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < testTime; i++) {
            int[] arr1 = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
            int[] arr2 = copyArray(arr1);
            heapSort(arr1);
            comparator(arr2);
            if (!isEqual(arr1, arr2)) {
                succeed = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        System.out.println(succeed ? "Nice!" : "Fucking fucked!");
        int[] arr = generateRandomArray(maxSize, maxValue);
        printArray(arr);
        heapSort(arr);
        printArray(arr);
    }
}