网络命令
nc
- 帮助
root@ubuntu:~# nc -hOpenBSD netcat (Debian patchlevel 1.105-7ubuntu1)This is nc from the netcat-openbsd package. An alternative nc is availablein the netcat-traditional package.usage: nc [-46bCDdhjklnrStUuvZz] [-I length] [-i interval] [-O length][-P proxy_username] [-p source_port] [-q seconds] [-s source][-T toskeyword] [-V rtable] [-w timeout] [-X proxy_protocol][-x proxy_address[:port]] [destination] [port]Command Summary:-4 Use IPv4-6 Use IPv6-b Allow broadcast-C Send CRLF as line-ending-D Enable the debug socket option-d Detach from stdin-h This help text-I length TCP receive buffer length-i secs Delay interval for lines sent, ports scanned-j Use jumbo frame-k Keep inbound sockets open for multiple connects-l Listen mode, for inbound connects-n Suppress name/port resolutions-O length TCP send buffer length-P proxyuser Username for proxy authentication-p port Specify local port for remote connects-q secs quit after EOF on stdin and delay of secs-r Randomize remote ports-S Enable the TCP MD5 signature option-s addr Local source address-T toskeyword Set IP Type of Service-t Answer TELNET negotiation-U Use UNIX domain socket-u UDP mode-V rtable Specify alternate routing table-v Verbose-w secs Timeout for connects and final net reads-X proto Proxy protocol: "4", "5" (SOCKS) or "connect"-x addr[:port] Specify proxy address and port-Z DCCP mode-z Zero-I/O mode [used for scanning]Port numbers can be individual or ranges: lo-hi [inclusive]
- 常用参数
# -l 监听# -p 端口号# -v 显示指令执行过程# -t 模拟telnet客户端# -x 使用代理服务器连接#
- 常用命令
# 监听8888端口nc -l -p 8888# 连接本机8888端口nc 127.0.0.1 8888# 查看连接本机8888端口详情 -v 查看指令执行过程nc -v 127.0.0.1 8888# 扫描本机1-65535端口情况，只显示打开的端口nc -w 1 -z 127.0.0.1 1-65535# 模拟telnet客户端nc -t 127.0.0.1 8888
curl
- 帮助
root@ubuntu:~# curl -hUsage: curl [options...] <url>Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)--cert-status Verify the status of the server certificate (SSL)--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)-K, --config FILE Read config from FILE--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer OFFSET-b, --cookie STRING/FILE Read cookies from STRING/FILE (H)-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to FILE after operation (H)--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)--data-raw DATA HTTP POST data, '@' allowed (H)--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)--dns-servers DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2--dns-interface Interface to use for DNS requests--dns-ipv4-addr IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation--dns-ipv6-addr IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to FILE--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)--engine ENGINE Crypto engine (use "--engine list" for list) (SSL)--expect100-timeout SECONDS How long to wait for 100-continue (H)-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)--false-start Enable TLS False Start.-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating (F)--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE Set CCC mode (F)--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer (F)-G, --get Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []-H, --header LINE Pass custom header LINE to server (H)-I, --head Show document info only-h, --help This help text--hostpubmd5 MD5 Hex-encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0 (H)--http1.1 Use HTTP 1.1 (H)--http2 Use HTTP 2 (H)--ignore-content-length Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header-i, --include Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)-k, --insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)--interface INTERFACE Use network INTERFACE (or address)-4, --ipv4 Resolve name to IPv4 address-6, --ipv6 Resolve name to IPv6 address-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)--keepalive-time SECONDS Wait SECONDS between keepalive probes--key KEY Private key file name (SSL/SSH)--key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)--krb LEVEL Enable Kerberos with security LEVEL (F)--libcurl FILE Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line--limit-rate RATE Limit transfer speed to RATE-l, --list-only List only mode (F/POP3)--local-port RANGE Force use of RANGE for local port numbers-L, --location Follow redirects (H)--location-trusted Like '--location', and send auth to other hosts (H)--login-options OPTIONS Server login options (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)-M, --manual Display the full manual--mail-from FROM Mail from this address (SMTP)--mail-rcpt TO Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)--mail-auth AUTH Originator address of the original email (SMTP)--max-filesize BYTES Maximum file size to download (H/F)--max-redirs NUM Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)-m, --max-time SECONDS Maximum time allowed for the transfer--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication (H)-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n--netrc-file FILE Specify FILE for netrc-:, --next Allows the following URL to use a separate set of options--no-alpn Disable the ALPN TLS extension (H)-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream--no-keepalive Disable keepalive use on the connection--no-npn Disable the NPN TLS extension (H)--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)--noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)--oauth2-bearer TOKEN OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)-o, --output FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout--pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)--path-as-is Do not squash .. sequences in URL path--pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against (SSL)--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar--proto PROTOCOLS Enable/disable PROTOCOLS--proto-default PROTOCOL Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme--proto-redir PROTOCOLS Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect-x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port--proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-service-name NAME SPNEGO proxy service name--service-name NAME SPNEGO service name-U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD] Proxy user and password--proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT] Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port-p, --proxytunnel Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)--pubkey KEY Public key file name (SSH)-Q, --quote CMD Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)--random-file FILE File for reading random data from (SSL)-r, --range RANGE Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE--raw Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding (H)-e, --referer Referer URL (H)-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output-X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use--resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS--retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur--retry-delay SECONDS Wait SECONDS between retries--retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period--sasl-ir Enable initial response in SASL authentication-S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur-s, --silent Silent mode (don't output anything)--socks4 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port--socks4a HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port--socks5 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port--socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy--socks5-gssapi-service NAME SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server-Y, --speed-limit RATE Stop transfers below RATE for 'speed-time' secs-y, --speed-time SECONDS Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after SECONDS (default: 30)--ssl Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2 (SSL)-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3 (SSL)--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)--ssl-no-revoke Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)--stderr FILE Where to redirect stderr (use "-" for stdout)--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option-t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL Set telnet option--tftp-blksize VALUE Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)-z, --time-cond TIME Transfer based on a time condition-1, --tlsv1 Use >= TLSv1 (SSL)--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)--trace FILE Write a debug trace to FILE--trace-ascii FILE Like --trace, but without hex output--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding (H)-T, --upload-file FILE Transfer FILE to destination--url URL URL to work with-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer-u, --user USER[:PASSWORD] Server user and password--tlsuser USER TLS username--tlspassword STRING TLS password--tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type (default: SRP)--unix-socket FILE Connect through this Unix domain socket-A, --user-agent STRING Send User-Agent STRING to server (H)-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative-V, --version Show version number and quit-w, --write-out FORMAT Use output FORMAT after completion--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes-q Disable .curlrc (must be first parameter)
route
- 帮助
root@ubuntu:~# route -h
Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [<AF>] List kernel routing tables
route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ... Modify routing table for AF.
route {-h|--help} [<AF>] Detailed usage syntax for specified AF.
route {-V|--version} Display version/author and exit.
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric don't resolve names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
<AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
List of possible address families (which support routing):
inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
x25 (CCITT X.25)
chkconfig
chkconfig -list 查看开机自启动项
文本查看命令
cat
tail
grep
grep -v grep忽略grep- grep是一个文本搜索工具，用来查找文本
# 从文件中逐行匹配，如果发现有 12345 则会输出
grep '12345' catalina.out
# 从文件中逐行匹配，如果发现有 12345 则会输出该行上下30行日志，类似的还有 -B（before） 和-A（after），代表输出之前行和之后行。
grep '12345' -C 30 catalina.out
# 因为grep一次只能匹配一种关键字，可以使用正则，也可以使用管道进行多次匹配，下面命令代表从匹配 12345 的行中再过滤出有6789的行。
grep '12345' catalina.out | grep '6789'
awk
- awk是一个文本分析工具，用来解析文本
# 示例
# 以空格为分隔符获取第0列
awk '{printf $0}'
# 以:为分隔符获取第1列
awk -F ':' '{printf $1}'
# 根据端口号获得进程号
netstat -tlnp | grep 9999 | awk '{printf $7}' | awk -F '/' '{printf $1}'
sed
- 功能：拼接，删除，替换，字符串
wc
# 统计行数
wc -l
traceroute
- 功能：追踪网络数据包的路由途径
- 原理：程序利用增加存活时间（TTL）值来实现其功能。每当数据包经过一个路由器，其存活时间就会减1。当其存活时间是0时，主机便取消数据包，并传送一个ICMP TTL数据包给原数据包的发出者。
程序发出的首3个数据包TTL值是1，之后3个是2，如此类推，它便得到一连串数据包路径。注意IP不保证每个数据包走的路径都一样。
traceroute[参数][主机]
系统监控命令
ps
- 查看系统实时状态
pstree
pstree查看进程树pstree -p $PID查看某进程ID的线程信息
df
- 查看磁盘空间
du
du -ach *查看当前目录下的所有文件占用磁盘大小和总大小du -sh查看当前目录的占用空间大小du -sh *查看所有子目录大小
lsof
- 查看系统所有打开的文件，由于linux一切皆文件的思想，可以查看很多系统状态
[root@localhost ~]# lsof -h
lsof 4.78
latest revision: ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/
latest FAQ: ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/FAQ
latest man page: ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/lsof_man
usage: [-?abhlnNoOPRstUvVX] [+|-c c] [+|-d s] [+D D] [+|-f[gG]] [+|-e s]
[-F [f]] [-g [s]] [-i [i]] [+|-L [l]] [+m [m]] [+|-M] [-o [o]]
[-p s] [+|-r [t]] [-S [t]] [-T [t]] [-u s] [+|-w] [-x [fl]] [-Z [Z]] [--] [names]
Defaults in parentheses; comma-separated set (s) items; dash-separated ranges.
-?|-h list help -a AND selections (OR) -b avoid kernel blocks
-c c cmd c, /c/[bix] +c w COMMAND width (9)
+d s dir s files -d s select by FD set +D D dir D tree *SLOW?*
+|-e s exempt s *RISKY* -i select IPv[46] files
-l list UID numbers -n no host names -N select NFS files
-o list file offset -O avoid overhead *RISKY* -P no port names
-R list paRent PID -s list file size -t terse listing
-T disable TCP/TPI info -U select Unix socket -v list version info
-V verbose search +|-w Warnings (+) -X skip TCP&UDP files
-Z Z context [Z]
-- end option scan
+f|-f +filesystem or -file names +|-f[gG] flaGs
-F [f] select fields; -F? for help
+|-L [l] list (+) suppress (-) link counts < l (0 = all; default = 0)
+m [m] use|create mount supplement
+|-M portMap registration (-) -o o o 0t offset digits (8)
-p s exclude(^)|select PIDs -S [t] t second stat timeout (15)
-T qs TCP/TPI Q,St (s) info
-g [s] exclude(^)|select and print process group IDs
-i i select by IPv[46] address: [46][proto][@host|addr][:svc_list|port_list]
+|-r [t] repeat every t seconds (15); + until no files, - forever
-u s exclude(^)|select login|UID set s
-x [fl] cross over +d|+D File systems or symbolic Links
names select named files or files on named file systems
Anyone can list all files; /dev warnings disabled; kernel ID check disabled.
netstat
# netstat -h
usage: netstat [-veenNcCF] [<Af>] -r netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help}
netstat [-vnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]
netstat { [-veenNac] -I[<Iface>] | [-veenNac] -i | [-cnNe] -M | -s } [delay]
-r, --route display routing table
-I, --interfaces=[<Iface>] display interface table for <Iface>
-i, --interfaces display interface table
-g, --groups display multicast group memberships
-s, --statistics display networking statistics (like SNMP)
-M, --masquerade display masqueraded connections
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric don't resolve names
--numeric-hosts don't resolve host names
--numeric-ports don't resolve port names
--numeric-users don't resolve user names
-N, --symbolic resolve hardware names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-p, --programs display PID/Program name for sockets
-c, --continuous continuous listing
-l, --listening display listening server sockets
-a, --all, --listening display all sockets (default: connected)
-o, --timers display timers
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
-T, --notrim stop trimming long addresses
-Z, --context display SELinux security context for sockets
<Iface>: Name of interface to monitor/list.
<Socket>={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-S|--sctp} {-w|--raw} {-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom
<AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
List of possible address families (which support routing):
inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
x25 (CCITT X.25)
查看链接状态 ESTABLISHED CLOSE_WAIT TIME_WAIT ，其中服务端不应出现过多CLOSE_WAIT
netstat -an
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