一. HahMap
1.1 底层数据结构
1.1.1 java7和java8的不同之处
HashMap 主要用来存放键值对，它基于哈希表的 Map 接口实现，是常用的 Java 集合之一，是非线程安全的。
HashMap 可以存储 null 的 key 和 value，但 null 作为键只能有一个，null 作为值可以有多个
JDK1.8 之前 HashMap 由 数组+链表 组成的，数组是 HashMap 的主体，链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的（“拉链法”解决冲突）。
JDK1.8 以后的 HashMap 在解决哈希冲突时有了较大的变化，当链表长度大于阈值（默认为 8）（将链表转换成红黑树前会判断，如果当前数组的长度小于 64，那么会选择先进行数组扩容，而不是转换为红黑树）时，将链表转化为红黑树，以减少搜索时间。
HashMap 默认的初始化大小为 16。之后每次扩充，容量变为原来的 2 倍。并且， HashMap 总是使用 2 的幂作为哈希表的大小。
1.1.2 扰动函数/hash算法
JDK 1.8 的 hash 方法
static final int hash(Object key) {int h;// key.hashCode()：返回散列值也就是hashcode// ^ ：按位异或// >>>:无符号右移，忽略符号位，空位都以0补齐return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);}
1.1.3 拉链法(1.8以前)
java7中，讲数组和链表进行结合。
- 要存储一个元素，首先用key，计算出hash值，这个hash值来决定其在数组中的位置，然后放入数组对应的索引位置，这个索引位置上面村的是一个链表节点。
- 接着存储第二个元素，如果hash值计算出来同第一个元素时一样的（即发生了hash碰撞），然后判断key是否相同，如果相同，那么直接覆盖掉第一次插进来的元素。如果不同的话，那么就加到第一个元素所在链表中。
1.1.4 数组+链表+红黑树(1.8以后)
当链表长度大于阈值（默认为 8）时，会首先调用 treeifyBin()方法。这个方法会根据 HashMap 数组来决定是否转换为红黑树。只有当数组长度大于或者等于 64 的情况下，才会执行转换红黑树操作，以减少搜索时间。否则，就是只是执行 resize() 方法对数组扩容。相关源码这里就不贴了，重点关注 treeifyBin()方法即可！
/*** The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts* between resizing and treeification thresholds.*/static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;/*** Replaces all linked nodes in bin at index for given hash unless* table is too small, in which case resizes instead.*/final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {int n, index; Node<K,V> e;if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)resize();else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;do {TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);if (tl == null)hd = p;else {p.prev = tl;tl.next = p;}tl = p;} while ((e = e.next) != null);if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)hd.treeify(tab);}}
1.2 各种属性
1.2.1 各种属性详解
private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
* 默认的初始容量16，必须时2的幂次方
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
* 最大容量
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
* 默认的加载因子，用来判断数组疏密程度，用以判断是否进行扩容
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
* 树化的临界值，由链表转化为红黑树的临界值
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
* 非树化临界值，即由红黑树在转换成链表的临界值
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
* between resizing and treeification thresholds.
* 进行树话的时候，最小要求数组中的个数
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
* 存储元素的数组，总是2的幂次倍
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
* for keySet() and values().
* 存放具体元素的集
*/
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
* 存放着的元素的个数，注意不要和数组的长度搞混了
*/
transient int size;
/**
* The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
* the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
* 每次扩容和更改map结构的计数器
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
*
* @serial
*/
// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
// 用于判断，是否对数组进行扩容
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table.
*
* @serial
*/
final float loadFactor;
- loadFactor 加载因子loadFactor 加载因子是控制数组存放数据的疏密程度，loadFactor 越趋近于 1，那么 数组中存放的数据(entry)也就越多，也就越密，也就是会让链表的长度增加，loadFactor 越小，也就是趋近于 0，数组中存放的数据(entry)也就越少，也就越稀疏。loadFactor 太大导致查找元素效率低，太小导致数组的利用率低，存放的数据会很分散。loadFactor 的默认值为 0.75f 是官方给出的一个比较好的临界值。给定的默认容量为 16，负载因子为 0.75。Map 在使用过程中不断的往里面存放数据，当数量达到了 16 * 0.75 = 12 就需要将当前 16 的容量进行扩容，而扩容这个过程涉及到 rehash、复制数据等操作，所以非常消耗性能。
- thresholdthreshold = capacity * loadFactor，当 Size>=threshold的时候，那么就要考虑对数组的扩增了，也就是说，这个的意思就是 衡量数组是否需要扩增的一个标准。
1.3 节点相关
1.3.1 Node节点(即链表节点)
Node节点时放在数组中的元素，其结构如下图所示
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash; // hash值，存放元素到hashMap中时，用来与其他元素hash值进行比较
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next; // 指向下一个节点
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
1.3.2 TreeNode节点(即树节点)
红黑树部分的代码，还有很多代码没贴，太多太难了。
/**
* Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
* extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
* linked node.
*/
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links
TreeNode<K,V> left;
TreeNode<K,V> right;
TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion
boolean red;
TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, val, next);
}
/**
* Returns root of tree containing this node.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
if ((p = r.parent) == null)
return r;
r = p;
}
}
1.4 构造方法
HashMap 中有四个构造方法，它们分别如下：
/**
* Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the specified initial
* capacity and load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
* 指定“容量大小”和“加载因子”的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the specified initial
* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
* 指定“容量大小”的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* Constructs an empty {@code HashMap} with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
* 默认构造函数。
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
/**
* Constructs a new {@code HashMap} with the same mappings as the
* specified {@code Map}. The {@code HashMap} is created with
* default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
* hold the mappings in the specified {@code Map}.
*
* @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
* 包含另一个“Map”的构造函数
*/
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
putMapEntries(m, false);
}
putMapEntries方法
final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
int s = m.size();
if (s > 0) {
// 判断table是否已经初始化
if (table == null) { // pre-size
// 未初始化，s为m的实际元素个数
float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
(int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
// 计算得到的t大于阈值，则初始化阈值
if (t > threshold)
threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
}
// 已初始化，并且m元素个数大于阈值，进行扩容处理
else if (s > threshold)
resize();
// 将m中的所有元素添加至HashMap中
for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
K key = e.getKey();
V value = e.getValue();
putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
}
}
}
1.5 put方法
1.5.1 putVal方法
HashMap 只提供了 put 用于添加元素，putVal 方法只是给 put 方法调用的一个方法，并没有提供给用户使用。
对 putVal 方法添加元素的分析如下：
- 如果定位到的数组位置没有元素 就直接插入。
- 如果定位到的数组位置有元素就和要插入的 key 比较，如果 key 相同就直接覆盖，如果 key 不相同，就判断 p 是否是一个树节点，如果是就调用e = ((TreeNode
说明:上图有两个小问题：
- 直接覆盖之后应该就会 return，不会有后续操作。
当链表长度大于阈值（默认为 8）并且 HashMap 数组长度超过 64 的时候才会执行链表转红黑树的操作，否则就只是对数组扩容。 ```java /**
- Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
- If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
- value is replaced. *
- @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
- @param value value to be associated with the specified key
- @return the previous value associated with key, or
- null if there was no mapping for key.
- (A null return can also indicate that the map
previously associated null with key.) */ public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true); }
/**
- Implements Map.put and related methods. *
- @param hash hash for key
- @param key the key
- @param value the value to put
- @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don’t change existing value
- @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
@return previous value, or null if none */ final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {Node
n = (tab = resize()).length;// (n - 1) & hash 确定元素存放在哪个桶中，桶为空，新生成结点放入桶中(此时，这个结点是放在数组中) if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);else {
// 桶中已经存在元素 Node<K,V> e; K k; // 比较桶中第一个元素(数组中的结点)的hash值相等，key相等 if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) // 将第一个元素赋值给e，用e来记录 e = p; // hash值不相等，即key不相等；为红黑树结点 else if (p instanceof TreeNode) // 放入树中 e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); // 为链表结点 else { // 在链表最末插入结点 for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { // 到达链表的尾部 if ((e = p.next) == null) { // 在尾部插入新结点 p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); // 结点数量达到阈值(默认为 8 )，执行 treeifyBin 方法 // 这个方法会根据 HashMap 数组来决定是否转换为红黑树。 // 只有当数组长度大于或者等于 64 的情况下，才会执行转换红黑树操作，以减少搜索时间。 //否则，就是只是对数组扩容。 if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } // 判断链表中结点的key值与插入的元素的key值是否相等 if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } // 表示在桶中找到key值、hash值与插入元素相等的结点 if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; }} ++modCount; if (++size > threshold)
resize();afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }
<a name="P087w"></a>
### 1.5.2 扩容方法
resize()进行扩容，会伴随着一次重新 hash 分配，并且会遍历 hash 表中所有的元素，是非常耗时的。在编写程序中，要尽量避免 resize。<br />则容量变为原来的2倍，阈值也变为原来的2倍
**什么时候触发扩容？**<br />一般情况下，**当元素数量超过阈值时**便会触发扩容。每次扩容的容量都是之前容量的2倍。<br />HashMap的容量是有上限的，必须小于**1<<30**，即1073741824。如果容量超出了这个数，则不再增长，且阈值会被设置为**Integer.MAX_VALUE**（  ，即永远不会超出阈值了）。
```java
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
1.5.3 树化代码
/**
* Replaces all linked nodes in bin at index for given hash unless
* table is too small, in which case resizes instead.
*/
final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {
int n, index; Node<K,V> e;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
resize();
else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
do {
TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
if (tl == null)
hd = p;
else {
p.prev = tl;
tl.next = p;
}
tl = p;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
hd.treeify(tab);
}
}
二. 桶
2.1 桶时什么？
HashMap的数组中，每个元素称之为“桶”。需要注意的是，这个“桶”并不等同于“键值对（Entity）”。至于它是什么请往下看。
初始化
HashMap在初始化时会创建一个Entity的数组。其个数为16。其源码类似下面的代码：
其中key和value不必多说，不过它还包含了一个next属性，这说明它可以组织成一个链表结构。
因此，所谓的“桶”就是数组每个位置放置的“链表”。
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
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