1. 常见的防盗链策略
一般的网站中的素材,如图片、音乐、视频等都会添加防盗链措施,避免被其它网站直接盗用或者被爬取。根据需求不同采用不同的防盗链的策略,常见的有:
- 基于来源地址的防盗链
- 基于用户登陆验证的防盗链
- 基于cookie验证的防盗链
- 基于验证码验证的防盗链
……
一般的网站的图片等资源都会采用基于来源地址的防盗链,这种方式可以在nginx中配置。
2. http_referer_module
2.1. 指令
Syntax: valid_referers none|blocked|server_names|strings ... ;
Default: Close
Context: server,location
2.2. 说明
- valid_referers 用于指定合法的referer,当请求的referer合法时,$invalid_referer 返回空,否则返回1
- none 表示请求中的referer 为空
- blocked 表示请求中的referer 代理或者防火墙剔除
- server_names 表示当前虚拟主机的server_name中的任意一个
strings 表示匹配的referer的字符串:
- arbitray string : 表示匹配的referer中主机名或者URI前缀,其中*可以用在主机名的开头或者结尾,端口会被忽略
regular expression : 已正则的方式匹配,必须以 ~ 开头,匹配http:// 或者 https:// 之后的部分。
2.3. 案例
2.3.1. 配置文件
[root@centos-81 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/localhost.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost *.heyang.com;
valid_referers none block server_names
*.jsmlr.gov.cn 192.168.* 172.16.* 10.1.*
~\.baidu\. ~\.google\. ~\.sogou\. ~\.so\. ~\.bing\. ~\.sm\. ;
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403 ;
}
......
2.3.2. 测试
referer 为none时
[root@centos-50 ~]# curl -s -v —compress -A “User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0” 192.168.1.81 >/dev/null
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0
> Host: 192.168.1.81
> Accept: */*
> Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.14.2
< Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2018 08:17:34 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
......
referer 为当前虚拟主机的server_name 时 [root@centos-50 ~]# curl -s -v —compress -A “User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0” -e “http://www.heyang.com“ 192.168.1.81 >/dev/null
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0
> Host: 192.168.1.81
> Accept: */*
> Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip
> Referer: http://www.heyang.com
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.14.2
< Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2018 08:23:20 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
......
referer 为指定的主机名时(神马搜索)
[root@centos-50 ~]# curl -s -v —compress -A “User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0” -e “http://so.sm.com/“ 192.168.1.81 >/dev/null
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0
> Host: 192.168.1.81
> Accept: */*
> Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip
> Referer: http://so.sm.com/
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.14.2
< Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2018 08:24:52 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
- referer 为其它类型时
[root@centos-50 ~]# curl -s -v —compress -A “User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0” -e “http://www.dmzj.com“ 192.168.1.81 >/dev/null
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0
> Host: 192.168.1.81
> Accept: */*
> Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip
> Referer: http://www.dmzj.com
>
< HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
< Server: nginx/1.14.2
< Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2018 08:26:33 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html