事务
执行SQL的事务流程
Spring 声明式事务
数据库事务
数据库事务具有以下4个基本特征,也就是著名的ACID。
Atomic(原子性)
事务中包含的操作被看作一个整体的业务单元,这个业务单元中的操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败,不会出现部分失败、部分成功的场景。
Consistency(一致性)
事务在完成时,必须使所有的数据都保持一致状态,在数据库中所有的修改都基于事务,保证了数据的完整性。
Isolation(隔离性)
这是我们讨论的核心内容,正如上述,可能多个应用程序线程同时访问同一数据,这样数据库同样的数据就会在各个不同的事务中被访问,这样会产生丢失更新。为了压制丢失更新的产生,数据库定义了隔离级别的概念,通过它的选择,可以在不同程度上压制丢失更新的发生。因为互联网的应用常常面对高并发的场景,所以隔离性是需要掌握的重点内容。
Durability(持久性)
事务结束后,所有的数据会固化到一个地方,如保存到磁盘当中,即使断电重启后也可以提供给应用程序访问。
隔离级别
数据库标准
未提交读、读写提交、可重复读和串行化
未提交读
未提交读(read uncommitted)是最低的隔离级别,其含义是允许一个事务读取另外一个事务没有提交的数据。(脏读)
读写提交
读写提交(read committed)隔离级别,是指一个事务只能读取另外一个事务已经提交的数据,不能读取未提交的数据。(不可重复读)
可重复读
可重复读的目标是克服读写提交中出现的不可重复读的现象,因为在读写提交的时候,可能出现一些值的变化,影响当前事务的执行,这个时候数据库提出了可重复读的隔离级别。这样就能够克服不可重复读的现象
串行化
串行化(Serializable)是数据库最高的隔离级别,它会要求所有的SQL都会按照顺序执行,这样就可以克服上述隔离级别出现的各种问题,所以它能够完全保证数据的一致性。
/*
* Copyright 2002-2019 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.transaction.annotation;
import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition;
/**
* Enumeration that represents transaction propagation behaviors for use
* with the {@link Transactional} annotation, corresponding to the
* {@link TransactionDefinition} interface.
*
* @author Colin Sampaleanu
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 1.2
*/
public enum Propagation {
/**
* 需要事务,它是默认传播行为,如果当前存在事务,就沿用当前事务,
* 否则新建一个事务运行子方法
*
* Support a current transaction, create a new one if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>This is the default setting of a transaction annotation.
*/
REQUIRED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED),
/**
* 支持事务,如果当前存在事务,就沿用当前事务;如果不存在,
* 则继续采用无事务的方式运行子方法
*
* Support a current transaction, execute non-transactionally if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p>Note: For transaction managers with transaction synchronization,
* {@code SUPPORTS} is slightly different from no transaction at all,
* as it defines a transaction scope that synchronization will apply for.
* As a consequence, the same resources (JDBC Connection, Hibernate Session, etc)
* will be shared for the entire specified scope. Note that this depends on
* the actual synchronization configuration of the transaction manager.
* @see org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager#setTransactionSynchronization
*/
SUPPORTS(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS),
/**
* 必须使用事务,如果当前没有事务,则会抛出异常,
* 如果存在当前事务,就沿用当前事务
*
* Support a current transaction, throw an exception if none exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
*/
MANDATORY(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_MANDATORY),
/**
* 无论当前事务是否存在,都会创建新事务运行方法,
* 这样新事物就可以拥有新的锁和隔离级别等特性,与当前事务相互独立
*
* Create a new transaction, and suspend the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to the EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
* made available to it (which is server-specific in standard Java EE).
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
REQUIRES_NEW(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW),
/**
* 不支持事务,当前存在事务时,将挂起事务,运行方法
*
* Execute non-transactionally, suspend the current transaction if one exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Actual transaction suspension will not work out-of-the-box
* on all transaction managers. This in particular applies to
* {@link org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager},
* which requires the {@code javax.transaction.TransactionManager} to be
* made available to it (which is server-specific in standard Java EE).
* @see org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager#setTransactionManager
*/
NOT_SUPPORTED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED),
/**
* 不支持事务,如果当前方法存在事务,则抛出异常,否则继续使用无事务机制运行
*
* Execute non-transactionally, throw an exception if a transaction exists.
* Analogous to EJB transaction attribute of the same name.
*/
NEVER(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NEVER),
/**
* 在当前方法调用字方法时,如果子方法发生异常
* 只回滚字方法执行过的SQL, 而不会滚当前方法的事务
*
* Execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists,
* behave like {@code REQUIRED} otherwise. There is no analogous feature in EJB.
* <p>Note: Actual creation of a nested transaction will only work on specific
* transaction managers. Out of the box, this only applies to the JDBC
* DataSourceTransactionManager. Some JTA providers might support nested
* transactions as well.
* @see org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager
*/
NESTED(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NESTED);
private final int value;
Propagation(int value) {
this.value = value;
}
public int value() {
return this.value;
}
}