2.3.2 Sequence Iteration

In many cases, we would like to iterate over the elements of a sequence and perform some computation for each element in turn. This pattern is so common that Python has an additional control statement to process sequential data: the for statement.
Consider the problem of counting how many times a value appears in a sequence. We can implement a function to compute this count using a while loop.

>>> def count(s, value):
        """Count the number of occurrences of value in sequence s."""
        total, index = 0, 0
        while index < len(s):
            if s[index] == value:
                total = total + 1
            index = index + 1
        return total
>>> count(digits, 8)
2

The Python for statement can simplify this function body by iterating over the element values directly without introducing the name index at all.

>>> def count(s, value):
        """Count the number of occurrences of value in sequence s."""
        total = 0
        for elem in s:
            if elem == value:
                total = total + 1
        return total
>>> count(digits, 8)
2

A for statement consists of a single clause with the form:

for <name> in <expression>:
    <suite>

A for statement is executed by the following procedure:

1. Evaluate the header , which must yield an iterable value.
2. For each element value in that iterable value, in order:
   1. Bind to that value in the current frame.
   2. Execute the .

This execution procedure refers to iterable values. Lists are a type of sequence, and sequences are iterable values. Their elements are considered in their sequential order. Python includes other iterable types, but we will focus on sequences for now; the general definition of the term “iterable” appears in the section on iterators in Chapter 4.
An important consequence of this evaluation procedure is that will be bound to the last element of the sequence after the for statement is executed. The for loop introduces yet another way in which the environment can be updated by a statement.
Sequence unpacking. A common pattern in programs is to have a sequence of elements that are themselves sequences, but all of a fixed length. A for statement may include multiple names in its header to “unpack” each element sequence into its respective elements. For example, we may have a list of two-element lists.

>>> pairs = [[1, 2], [2, 2], [2, 3], [4, 4]]

and wish to find the number of these pairs that have the same first and second element.

>>> same_count = 0

The following for statement with two names in its header will bind each name x and y to the first and second elements in each pair, respectively.

>>> for x, y in pairs:
        if x == y:
            same_count = same_count + 1
>>> same_count
2

This pattern of binding multiple names to multiple values in a fixed-length sequence is called sequence unpacking; it is the same pattern that we see in assignment statements that bind multiple names to multiple values.
Ranges. A range is another built-in type of sequence in Python, which represents a range of integers. Ranges are created with range, which takes two integer arguments: the first number and one beyond the last number in the desired range.

>>> range(1, 10)  # Includes 1, but not 10
range(1, 10)

Calling the list constructor on a range evaluates to a list with the same elements as the range, so that the elements can be easily inspected.

>>> list(range(5, 8))
[5, 6, 7]

If only one argument is given, it is interpreted as one beyond the last value for a range that starts at 0.

>>> list(range(4))
[0, 1, 2, 3]

Ranges commonly appear as the expression in a for header to specify the number of times that the suite should be executed: A common convention is to use a single underscore character for the name in the for header if the name is unused in the suite:

>>> for _ in range(3):
        print('Go Bears!')
Go Bears!
Go Bears!
Go Bears!

This underscore is just another name in the environment as far as the interpreter is concerned, but has a conventional meaning among programmers that indicates the name will not appear in any future expressions.