时态
时态(一)
1、简介
英语的时态(Tense)是一种动词形式,不同时态用于表示不同时间与方式。它是表示行为、动作、状态的各种时间条件下的动词形式,一共有16种时态。常用的有12种,如下面表格中黑字部分。
其余4种(红色字体)需要与从句搭配使用,将在从句部分进行描述。
| 时态 | 16个时态汇总 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | 过去 | 将来 | 过去将来 | |
| 一般 | 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | 一般将来时 | 一般过去将来时 |
| 完成 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | 将来完成时 | 过去将来完成时 |
| 进行 | 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | 将来进行时 | 过去将来进行时 |
| 完成进行 | 现在完成进行 | 过去完成进行时 | 将来完成进行 | 过去将来完成进行时 |
2、主要四种时态
本章节先学习四种时态:
•一般现在时:do /does,最近都会发生的相同的动作(表示常态平常,总是,老是这样)
•一般过去式:did,动作在过去发生
•一般将来时:be going to do,动作还未发生(有准备,打算的意味)。
•现在进行时:be doing,动作正在发生(正在进行的动作)
3、句子的公式
针对四种基本时态,句子的公式
疑问词 + 时表词 + 主语 + 句剩 + 动词 + 其他
| 句子的结构 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词 | 其他 |
| Who / Whom/ What / Whose / Which / When / Where / Why / How 注:Who和Whom算一个,后续章节将详细讲解疑问词 |
一般现在时: do / does |
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 |
动作 doing |
||
| 一般过去式: did |
|||||
| 一般将来时: be(am/is/are) |
going to | ||||
| 现在进行时: be(am/is/are) |
【注】
主语是动作的发起者,宾语是动作的承受者,句剩只有在一般将来时才用!
【例句】
1、你刚才去哪儿了?
Where did you go?
2、你平常都什么时候回来?
When do you come back?
3、你在吃什么?
What are you eating?
4、你怎么跟他说的?
How did you tell him
4、人称相关
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | 我 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 我们 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves | |
| 第二人称 | 你 | You | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 你们 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves | |
| 第三人称 | 他 | he | him | his | his | himself |
| 她 | she | her | her | hers | herself | |
| 它 | it | it | its | its | itself | |
| 他们 | They | them | their | theirs | themselves |
【注】此表格格外重要,不要忽视!!!
时态(二)
1、简介
•时态和句子结构清楚后,开始造句,按句子类型分为陈述句和疑问句。
•陈述句又分为肯定句和否定句;疑问句分为特殊疑问句和一般疑问句。
2、一般疑问句与特殊疑问句
| 一般疑问句 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词 | 其他 |
| Do | you | know | him | ||
| Did | You | see | her | ||
| Are | you | going to | eat | ||
| Is | he | working | |||
| 特殊疑问句 | |||||
| How | do | you | know | him | |
| Where | did | You | see | her | |
| When | are | you | going to | eat | |
| How | is | he | working |
【注】
1、不可以延续的动词(例如:come来,go去,leave离开,arrive到达,start/begin开始)可用现在进行时表将来
Are you going to New York = Are you going to go to New York?
2、Who和whom的区别:who用于主语或者宾语,whom只能用于宾语。
例句:
你在等谁?
Who are you waiting for?= whom are you looking for? = for whom are you waiting?
谁跟你一起去
Who did you go with?= whom did you go with? = with whom did you go?
时态(三)
1、一般现在时的运用
一般现在时是以现在为中心的一段时间,如下要注意的动词的特性
①延续时间短的词或不可延续的词(eat / come / study / watch / call)即需要重复,才可延续至一个时间段,因此表示习惯,翻译时需要加“平常、一般、老”。
②延续时间长的词(know / have / like / hate / want / need / look / look like)不需要重复,便可持续至一段时间,翻译时不需要加“平常”时态极好判断,不强调过去或者将来就是现在。
③第三人称要在动词后面加s,例如:He works in a big company。
2、现在进行时表将来
die/start/ come/arrive 不可延续:现在进行时表时将来.
你要去北京吗?
Are you going to go to BJ 一般 将来时,
Are you going to BJ 现在进行时:你正在去北京吗?
he is dying 他将要死了
the train is arriving
I am coming
3、一般现在时与一般过去时的特殊性
①时表词与动词本身是同一个词,只是在疑问句中拆散开来(do/did和动词挨在一齐就必须合为一)
②在疑问词主语相同的句子里,首先找准主语,然后套用公式(省略次主语,合并时表词和动词)。
③疑问词与主语相同的情况里,疑问词均为第三人称单数形式
【例句】
| 中文翻译 | 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 你给谁打电话了 | who | did | you | call | ||
| 谁给你打电话 | who | did | who | call | you | |
| who | did | call | you | |||
| who | called | you | ||||
| 谁认识他 | who | does | who | know | him | |
| who | does | know | him | |||
| who | knows | him |
did call->called,
does know=knows
【例句】
什么发生的各种时态的表示,“什么”是主语
1、what does what happen->what does happen->What happens
2、what did what happen->what did happen->What happened
3、what is what happening->What is happening
4、What is what going to happen->What is going to happen
注:what 省略,do/did和动词合为一
时态(四)
1、单词、短语、语法结构
①一句话是由单词、短语、语法结构组成,所以除了语法外呀,对单词记忆也很重要;
②短语词组可以背一些常用的,因为是通过两个以上的词搭配而成,即两个意思合并
即可推测其意思,不需要强行记忆。
2、时表词运用判断
①造句或翻译过程中,先找主语,然后再判断是否存在动词。
②无论疑问句还是陈述句,都有带动词和不带动词两种状态。
带动词突出表现动作,时表词就是do/does/did,
不带动词的通常表示一种状态,时表词就是be(am/is/are/was/were)
其格式也会变成,疑问词+时表词+主语+状态(名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语)
【例句】
| 中文 | 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 名.形.副.介 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 你家的狗可爱吗 | Is | your dog | cute | |||
| 他在这里吗 | Is | he | here | |||
| 你准备好了吗 | Are | you | ready | |||
| 你最喜欢的人是谁 | Who | is | your favourite person | |||
| 你最喜欢的运动是什么 | What | is | your favourite sport |
一般现在时、一般过去时区别(带动词?):
有动词do/does/did,没动词用:am、Is、are
Does he come from china?
Is he from China?
| 一般疑问句 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词 | 其他 |
| Does | he | come | from China |
| 中文 | 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 名.形.副.介 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 他是中国人吗? | Is | he | from China |
Is he a teacher
How wasn’t he a teacher
区别:how 惊讶,why:原因
is the GDP of China higher
| 中文 | 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 名.形.副.介 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| how | Is | his gay | alive? | |||
| 你没怀孕吗? | aren’t | you | pregnant? | |||
| 你怀孕了吗? | are | you | pregnant? | |||
| 你怎么会怀孕了呢? | how | were | you | pregnant? | ||
| 她那时是怀孕的吗? | was | she | pregnant | at that time? | ||
| 他为什么么会怀孕呢? | why | was | she | pregnant | at that time? | |
| 这怎么就不是个手机了? | how | isn’t | this | a phone | ||
| 这手机3000元吗? | is | this phone | 3000 yuan? | |||
| 这手机过去不是3000元吗? | wasn’t | this phone | 3000 yuan? | |||
| 它怎么这么贵 | how | is | it | so expensive | ||
| is | this thing | important? | ||||
| 我的事怎么就不重要了? | how | isn’t | my thing | important? | ||
作业 -待练
| 序号 | 中文 | 时态 | 疑问词 | 时表词 | 主语 | 句剩 | 动词、n/a/adv/介短 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 这件事重要吗 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 2 | 他没在这里吗 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 3 | 你最喜欢的人是谁 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 4 | 他多漂亮 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 5 | 远吗 | 一般现在时 | is | it | far? | |||
| 6 | 你还没准备好吗 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 7 | 他来自中国吗 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 8 | 你昨天为什么那么累 | 一般过去时 | ||||||
| 9 | 花儿为什么这么漂亮 | 一般现在时 | ||||||
| 10 | 这手机不好看吗 | 一般现在时 |
时态(五)
1、特殊疑问词
疑问词一共有八个,通过在这些疑问词可以清晰了解问句的目标
(whom是who的宾格形式)
- 名词疑问词:who(whom),what,whose,which
with whom
with which phone
- 形容词性疑问词:what,whose,which
- 副词性疑问词:副词修饰动词,副词性疑问词对动词进行提问。
when where why how
when did you call him?你是什么时侯打电话给他的呀?
where did you call him?
why did you call him?
how did you call him?
- 副词:
- 修饰动词:suddenly,beautifully,quickly,slowly,loudly
- 修饰形容词及副词(表程度副词):so very,pretty,quite,a little,too,extremly极端的
| 疑问词 | 提问对象 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Who (谁) |
对主语提问 问人的身份,姓名等 |
She is Mary. Who is she ? Mary is my friend. Who is she ? |
| Whom (谁) |
对宾语提问 问人的身份,姓名等(问宾语) |
I can give her the pen. Whom can you give the pen? |
| What (什么) |
对谓语、表语、宾语提问 问人的职业或事物是什么 |
He is a doctor. What is he? He has a map. What does he have ? |
| Which (哪一个) |
对定语提问 问一定范围内特指的人或物 |
The big apple is mine. Which apple is yours? The girl at the door is Amy. Which girl is Amy? |
| Whose (谁的) |
对物主代词或名词所有格提问 问所属关系 |
This is her cup. Whose cupis this ? This cup is hers. Whose is this cup? |
| When (什么时候) |
对时间提问 | We play football in the morning. When do you play football? |
| Where (哪里) |
对地点提问 | We eat dinner at home everyday. Where do you eat dinner everyday? |
| Why (为什么) |
对原因提问 | He isn’t at school today because he is ill. Why isn’t he at school today ? |
| How (怎样) |
对表示方式、程度、身体状况的词提问 | He is strong. How is he ? I go home by bus. How do you go home? |
2、How的修饰
①修饰形容词(How old / How big / how beautiful / how tall / how long / how many / how much)
②修饰副词( how fast / how often / how soon / how slowly / how much / how long)
③How many 和How much区别
•How many(修饰可数名词,名词后要加s) times/friends/books/days/dogs/cars
•How much(修饰不可数名词,后面不加s) money/time/food/water/work
•Time做时间表不可数,做次数表可数。
3、How的使用(重要)
① How单独用,疑问词并修饰动词时,提问方式用“怎么”;例句:How did she get beautiful?
② How与形容词或副词,修饰形容词或副词(提问程度用“多少,大小,高矮等”)例句参考上面;
③ How单独用,句中无动词时,询问状况用“怎么样”,表示惊讶,怀疑时用“怎么会”;
•例句:How is she beautiful 她怎么会漂亮呢?<按询问状况,中文意思不成立;只能表示怀疑>
| 疑问词 | 提问对象 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| How old (多大年纪) |
对年龄提问 | Tom is five. How old is he ? |
| How many (多少) |
跟复数名词, 问数量 |
There are forty desks in my class. How many desks are there in your class? |
| How much (多少) |
跟不可数名词 问数量或价钱 |
There is somemilk in the bottle. How muchmilk is there in the bottle? |
| How far (多远) |
问路程 | It’s ten kilometers away from here. How far is it from here? |
| How soon (多久,多快) |
问in+一段时间 | He can finish it in half an hour. How soon can he finish it ? |
| How long (多久) |
问一段时间, 问物体的长短 |
He has lived here for three year. How long has he lived here? The desk is two meters long. How long is the desk ? |
| How often (多久一次) |
对频率副词提问 | I go to see my friends once a week. How often do you go to see your friends? |
