简单句、从句、非谓语动词
陈述句一
陈述句一(一)句子结构之造句
本章学习目标
- 主语+谓语
- 主语+谓语+宾语(宾补)
- 主语+谓语+(间宾)+直宾
- 主语+系+表
词性:
- 主(名词)
- 宾(名词)
- 谓(实意动词+系动词)
- 系(Be)
注意事项:
谓语与系语的区别
谓语部分=时态/情态动词 + 谓语动词
系语部分=时态/情态动词 + 系语动词
即谓语带动词,系语不带动词
例句:
带动词:
He (did + eat) ate他吃了
They will come 他们将要来不带动词:
He (does + be) is fine 他很好
不带动词:
She may be a nurse 她可能是为护士
1、谓语动词时态的变化
| 谓语时态 | 主谓结构的造句的方法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去式 | 主语 + (did + 动词原形)过去式 | He (did + eat) ate |
| 一般现在时 | 主语 +(do/does +动词原形)动词原形(s) | He (does + eat) eats |
| 一般将来时 | 主语 +(be going to do +动词原形) | He (be going to + eat) is going to eat |
| 现在进行时 | 主语 +(be doing + 动词原形) | He (be going + eat) is eating |
| 现在完成时 | 主语 +(have done + 动词原形) | He (have done + eat) has eaten |
2、系语动词时态及搭配
| 主系 | 主系结构的造句方法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| am/is/are | 可以与如下词进行搭配: n.名词 adj. 形容词 adv.副词 介词 done |
He is optimistic. 他为人乐观 |
| was/were | I am watching movie 我在看电影 | |
| He must be a good father. 他一定是个好爸爸 | ||
| Be going to be | He was not at home yesterday. 他昨天不在家 | |
| I am going to study cooking next month. 下个月我打算学习烹饪 | ||
| Be being | The subway is being built. 地铁正在建 | |
| I have been in BJ for 3 years. 我在北京有3年了 | ||
| Have/has been done | I could have completed my homework 我本来可以完成功课的 |
陈述句一(二)句子结构
本章学习目标
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(I found you hard 找你真难)
主语+谓语+间宾(人)+直宾(物)
let me come in=You(省) let me come in
let me in(out/up/down)
注意事项1:宾补
宾补与宾语有被动关系,表一种状态,
为了补充说明宾语的意义、状态等。
通常大致有名词、不定时、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介宾短语等
例句:
I found you hard 找你真难
hard是宾补用来完善句子的意思
介词短语作补语
let dog out of the cage
out of danger
out of trouble
两个词一齐作为介词:accordding to /due to /because of
down 活动下降,clam down,cool down
up 向上 直立 醒着、未睡(get up,let him up让他人醒来)
注意事项2:间宾与直宾区别
直接宾语表示动作的承受者,一般是物
间接宾语表示动作是对谁活着为谁做的,一般是人
例句:
He teaches us English他教大家英语。
us表示间宾,English是直宾
He give me a chance =He give a chance to me
to 朝着
for 为了
| 主谓结构的造句的方法 | 特殊用词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 + 谓语+宾语+宾补 注:keep 和 leave都有使… 处于某种状态,他们之间 的区别是keep表示一直管着,而leave是不再管了并 留下这个事儿) |
Don’t dye your hair red 不要把你的头发染成红色 | |
| He got everything ready 他把所有事情都准备好了 | ||
| make | He made me a lot of trouble 他给我热了不少麻烦 | |
| You make me upset 你让我心烦意乱 | ||
| Do I make myself clear 我说的清楚吗? | ||
| keep | He kept the door open for the whole night 他让门一晚上都开着 | |
| You should keep the room clean 你应该保持房间清洁 | ||
| leave | He left the TV on 他没关电视 | |
| She left the system down 她让系统处于关闭状态 | ||
| 主语 +谓语+间宾+直宾 | He taught me a lesson 他教训了我一顿 | |
| I have given you many chances 我已经给了你很多机会 | ||
| I have given many chances to you. |
陈述句一(三)带情态动词的陈述句
重点回顾
任何一句话都要有时态或情态动词,具体参考情态动词(五)的陈述句部分
| 情态动词的使用方法 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 情态动词 | 表示现在或将来 | +do(动词原形) |
| <例句:I will follow the case / he couldn’t pass the exam. | ||
| 表示进行 | +be doing | |
| <例句:They must be talking about your book. / He should be reading | ||
| 表过去 | +have done | |
| <例句:Can he have eaten a lot? / Where can he have gone? | ||
| <例句:She can’t have forgotten taking her bag. | ||
| <例句:You may have bought the car. / She might have sold the house. | ||
| <例句:I must have bought the wrong size of the cloth. | ||
| <例句:He could have finished his homework on time. | ||
| <例句:She wouldn’t have participated in the party. | ||
| <例句:He shouldn’t have been angry with his children. | ||
| <例句:You needn’t have bought a lot things for me. |
| 对过去的推测 | 对过去的评价 |
|---|---|
| Can / can’t /may / might(也许,可能) must(一定) |
could(能力,能) would(将要,会) should(应该) needn’t(需要) |
陈述句一(四)高频词汇
| 高频词汇 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| want/need 用法:可与名词(n.)、不定式 (to do)以及代词+不定式组合 |
I want you to follow up our problems 我要你跟进我们的问题 |
| He wants to know it 他要知道这个 | |
| She wanted a cup of coffee 她要了杯咖啡 | |
| I don’t need your money 我不需要你的钱 | |
| You need to be brave 你需要勇敢些 | |
| need/have to 用法:可与名词(n.)、不定式 (to do)以及代词+不定式组合 |
I don’t need you to be worried about me我不需要你担心我 |
| I need/have to get up early tomorrow我明天得早点起床 | |
| I need/have to go 我得走了 | |
| You don’t need to explain 你不需要解释 | |
| You don’t need to be afraid 你不需要害怕 | |
| had better (not) do STH. 翻译:最好… |
You had better get up early tomorrow morning 你最好明天早上早点起床 |
| You had better not be late tomorrow meeting你最好明天的会议别迟到 | |
| You had better be smart你最好聪明点 | |
| have STH. to do 翻译:有…要做 |
I have a lot of work to follow up 我有很多工作要跟进 |
| I have a plane to catch 我要赶飞机 | |
| I have a conference to attend in this morning 我早上有个会议要参加 | |
| 祈使句:主语是第二人称,表示说话者对对方的请求,命令,叮嘱,邀请,劝告,警告灯(带动词/不带动词) | Have a look / Watch out / Don’t bother me / Don’t believe him |
| Never speak ill of others behind them永远不要在别人背后说坏话 | |
| Have a rest(时间比较长,例如晚上休息) / nap(午休) / break (时间较短,例如课间休息) | |
| Don’t be sad/Be happy / Be optimistic / Be quiet /Be kind |
陈述句一(五)高频词汇
| 高频词汇 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| Let 结构:Let + 宾语 + v/adj./adv./介词短语 |
Let the door open 让门开着 |
| Let it go 放手吧 | |
| Let him sit down 让他坐下 | |
| Don’t let him in 不要让他进来/ Let him not in 让他别进来 | |
| Let us / Let’s 的区别 | |
| 不定代词nobody/everybody somebody/anybody | Nobody move不许动Anybody home ?有人在家? |
| Someone tell me 来个人告诉我 | |
| Everybody in 都进来 | |
| 省略(省主语) | another minute/one more minute再来一分钟a cup of coffee , please 一杯咖啡,谢谢once more 再来一次 |
| 反义疑问句 在祈使句后加will/won’t sb. |
Don’t tell them, will you.不要告诉他们,行吗? |
| Tell me, won’t you/will you.告诉我,行吗? | |
| Let us got out, won’t you /will you.让我们出去,行吗? | |
| There be + 名词(主系表结构) | There must be 20 persons in the room. 房子里面应该有20人 |
| There will be storm tomorrow.明天会有暴风 | |
| How much money is there on the bed? 有多少钱在床上 | |
| Is there any difference among of these products this time? 这次这些产品有什么不同? |
【注意】
1、Let’s是Let us的缩写。包括说话人和听话人双方在内,含有催促、建议或请对方一起行动的意思。在听话人表示赞同建议时可只用Let’s.
Let’s got out, shall we?.让我们出去,行吗?
2、当请求对方允许自己(第一人称复数)做某事时,要用Let us,这里的 us 不包括听话对方在内,不能缩写为Let’s.
Let us got out, won’t you /will you.让我们出去,行吗?
陈述句一(六)
1、感知系列
| 感官动词 | ||
|---|---|---|
look |
sound
smell
taste
feel | adj. 形容词 | 听起来很不错 it sounds great | | | | 闻起来很不好 it smells bad | | | | 他看上去气色不错 He looks good | | | | 尝起来很甜 it tastes sweet | | | | 我感觉病了 I feel sick | | | Like + n. 名词 | 你看上去像个傻子 You look like a fool | | | | 这个听起来像个好主意 it sounds like a good idea | | | | 这个闻起来像狗屎 it smells like shit | | | | 这个尝起来像橙子 it tastes like orange | | | | 我感觉像个傻子 I feel like a fool |
2、SPEND,TAKE,COST
| 人花物 | 物花人 | |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | Spend(spent/spent) | Take(took/taken) |
| 金钱 | Spend(spent/spent) | Cost(cost/cost) |
| 关键单词 | 习惯结构 |
|---|---|
| spend | (Sb.) spend sometime (in)doing /on STH./with sb. 翻译特点:某人花了时间干某事 |
| 例句: | |
| I spend 2 hours on my homework everyday. 我平时花了2小时在作业上 | |
| He spent the whole summer learning English. 他花了整个夏天学习英语 | |
| She spends 4 hours with her parents every weekend.她每个周末花4小时陪父母 | |
| They spent 100 million US dollars on new office.他们花了一个亿新建了办公室 | |
| Take(花时间) | It take (Sb.) time to do STH.= To do STH. take (SB.) (time) 翻译特点:某事花了某人多长时间 |
| It takes me 2 hours to finish a movie = To finish a movie takes me 2 hours 我花了2个小时看完了一部电影 | |
| It took me a couple of weeks to play around BJ 玩遍北京花了我两周时间 | |
| What took you so long? 什么花了你这么长时间 | |
| Cost(花钱) | Monthly communication fee costs me 388 yuan每月通讯费花了我388元/我每月的通讯费是388元 |
| What costed you so much money? 什么花了你这么多钱 |
陈述句一(七)高频搭配用语
| 高频词 | 翻译特点 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| What…for | 什么是干嘛的/什么用来干嘛的 | What did you buy the phone for?你买手机干嘛? |
| What is your tool for?你的工具用来干嘛的? | ||
| How come + 陈述句 |
怎么会 | How come you are saying that?你怎么会那么说? |
| How come you knew it? 你怎么会知道? | ||
| How/What about + n./doing/陈述句 |
什么什么怎样?表示提议或请求 | How about the clothes? 这些衣服怎样? |
| What about moving the table to the room?搬桌子到房间怎样? | ||
| How about we go to SH? 去上海怎样? | ||
| What if … + 一般现在时/虚拟语气 |
如果怎么办? | What if we miss the train?如果我们没赶上火车怎么办? |
| What if I had told Mary, That would have ruined surprise? 如果我告诉了玛丽怎么办,那会是多么无趣(I didn’t tell Mary) |
陈述句二
陈述句二(一)
1、重塑句子之句子的种类
| 按结构分类 | 简单句 | She is a girl |
|---|---|---|
| 并列句 | She is a girl, and she won the game | |
| 复合句 | She is a girl who won the game | |
| 按类型分类 | 陈述句 | 肯定句 |
| 否定句 | ||
| 疑问句 | 特殊疑问句 | |
| 一般疑问句 |
2、重塑句子之句子的本质
句子的本质:5种结构、8种成分、11种词性
| 5种句子结构 | 8种句子成分 | 11类词性 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 主语+系动词+表语 |
主语 谓语 宾语 表语 补语 位语 定语 状语 |
动词(v.) 时表词(be) |
名词(n.) 形容词 (adj.) 副词 (adv.) 介词 (prep.) |
代词 (pron.) 连词 (conj.) 冠词 (art.) |
数词(numeral) (含数序词和基数词) 感叹词 (interjection) |
| 句子成分与词性关系表 | |||||
| 主语/宾语 | 名词、代词 | ||||
| 表语/补语 | 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、(done) | ||||
| 谓语/系动词 | 动词/be |
3、重塑句子之三个句子成分
| 句子成分 | 解释 | |
|---|---|---|
| 同位语 | 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。 | |
| 例句:Mr. Jack, my teacher, is planning a big experiment. |
||
| 定语 | 对名词进行修饰限定的词语,分为前置定语和后置定语两种。可以从材料、用途、时间、地点、内容和类别来修饰名词 | |
| 注:前四类词性放在名词前,后两类词性放置在名词后 | ||
| 形容词 | a _new_cloth/a _cute_dog/an _old_lady | |
| 名词 | a _stone_building /_children_education/the _phone_number/the _police_station/a _diamond_ring | |
| 代词 | _our_teacher/_his_book/_my_phone/_a lot of_money/_every_moment/_some_flowers | |
| 数词 | _four_boys / _seven_computers / the _first_one / the _last_number | |
| 副词 | Asia now/ this situation now/ the girl there | |
| 介词短语 | the glass on the table/ people around the world/ the money in the drawer/ the pen under the chair | |
| 状语 | 修饰动词, 形容词、副词、介词短语、(done) 表示时间、地点、原因、方式以及程度 |
|
| <表时间> He came yesterday / She called me this morning / I has been to BJ at last night | ||
| <表地点> They came here / You could have got to BJ / She put the phone on the table / I saw her in the lift | ||
| <表原因> He died of cancel / She did anything for me | ||
| <表方式> She went to SH by train / I spent 2 hours getting there on foot / He thinks slowly / He got up quickly | ||
| <表程度> It is very useful / The book makes me bored / I almost forgot / She likes English much / I can barely see anything |
陈述句二(二)
重塑句子之定语和状语
公式:一个简单的句子结构完整的情况下,想变长,只能加定语和状语(介词短语和副词)
| 原则(重要) | 原则细节描述(重要) |
|---|---|
| 原则一副词的使用 | 副词作状语时,可前,可后,可中。 |
| 在句中时,要在时表词前后,一般放在之后; | |
| 做定语时放在修饰的名词之后,一句话加上或去掉副词结构不变 | |
| 原则二介词短语的使用 | 介词短语有介词+名词、doing、从句组成; |
| 做状语时,一般可前可后;做定语时,要紧跟修饰的名词 | |
| 原则三翻译策略 | 状语在动词之前翻译;定语要放在修饰的名词之前翻译 |
| 原则四区分介词短语和副 | • 介词短语没有放在名词后就肯定是状语,通过句意就能分清楚是哪种;如果两种都行则看语境 |
| 词是定语还是状语策略 | • 副词做定语必放名词后面,仅表示时间和地点这几个词;如果不是这几个词,就是状语 |
| 例句 | The two young boys in school excitedly bought their first second-hand sports car with their parents in the afternoon last Friday with substantial amount of cashes. 那两个在校年轻的男孩兴奋地在他们父母的陪同下上周五带着大量现金购买了他们第一辆二手跑车 |
陈述句二(三)公式反用
| 公式反用(重要) | 细节描述(重要) |
|---|---|
| 优点一:举一反三 | 熟知一个词性后就可以造出想要的句子 例如:abroad (adv. ),确定是个副词,可以修饰动词做状语, He went abroad He flew abroad They were killed abroad She is abroad |
| 优点二:词性判断 | 通过句子结构分析出词性例如: He lives near here (near here 是介词短语,因为这两个词去掉一个都无法让句子明确) |
| 重点 | 细节描述 |
|---|---|
| 及物动词(v.t.) | 可直接加名词 I like you. |
| 不及物动词(vi.) | 名词前需要加介词 I go to school. |
陈述句二(四)公式造句
1、通过前面三个部分的描述,造句的结构、成分和使用的类型均可帮助造出正确的句子
| 公式关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| Be | 表示一种状态 | He is tall / I am sick / It is dark / She was fired / They are in the bus |
| Got | 1. 不及物动词(vi.) 表示达到 | He got tall / I got sick / It got dark / She got fired / They got in the bus |
| 2. 及物动词(vt.)表示得到 | ||
| 3. Link.v 表示变得 | ||
| 4. 其本质是将状态转换成动作 |
2、小技巧提示
•当见到中文句子中存在“已经”或“还没有”并带有动词时,此时表示现在完成时。
•现在完成时中,“已经”可以用“already”表示,“还没有”可以用“yet”,他们可加可不加
•在一般现在时中,“还没有”也可以用“yet”表示,“还”或者“仍然、仍旧”用“still”表示
•句子中的“again”讨论的是次数,“any more”用于否定,表示程度和次数
•“never”可以代替“not”比否定的程度更长,可以翻译为“从不”
陈述句二(五)高频介词
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 方位词一 | 1. in 表示在什么之内 | Guangzhou is in the south of China 广州在中国的南部 Guangxi is on the west of Guangzhou 广西仔广东的西部 Japan is to the east of China 日本在中国的东部 You can go to the east for 200 meters / You can go east for 200meters 往东走200米 After getting out of the subway, you can see seven days motel, and then go east to crossroads, turn right, continuedly go forward for 500 meters, you can see the entrance of the community, across the street and enter, go to the end of the path, you will get it. 出地铁,你能看到七天酒店,往东走到十字路口,右拐,再往前走500米,你能看到小区入口,穿过马路,进去,走到头,就到了。 |
| 2. On 表示在什么之上 | ||
| 3. To 表示在什么方向,中间有相隔(如大海) | ||
| 4. East东/west西/south南 /north北(n. adv.) |
||
| 方位词二 | 1. Over正上方 | The plane is over me 飞机在我上方 |
| 2. Above上方 | The plane is flying above China 飞机正飞在中国上方 | |
| 3. On上面,需要贴着物体 | There is a phone on the table 有一个手机在桌子上 | |
| 4. Beneath下面,贴着物体 | He buried the money beneath the ground.他把钱埋在地下 There is something beneath the river. 有一些东西在江面下 |
|
| 5. Below下方 | The mountain is 500 meters below the plane. 这座山在飞机下面500米 She lives 4 floors below him. 她住在他下面4层 |
|
| 6. Under正下方 | There is a pen under your foot. 有一支笔在你脚下 Those children are playing under the tree. 这些孩子在树下玩 |
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 方位词三 | 1. In front of/before 物体外的前面 2. In/at back of/behind 物体外的后面 3. In the front of 物体内的前面 4. In/at the back of 物体内的后面 |
He is/was standing in front of/before the car. 他站在车前面 There is a big car park at back of/behind the building. 建筑物后面有一个大型停车场 There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.教室前面有一块黑板Teacher is sitting at the back of the classroom 老师坐在课室后面 |
| 方位词四 | 1. near 表示物体的附近 2. around 物体的周边 3. By / beside / next to 在物体内部的旁边 |
He lives near here. 他住在这附近 There are a lot of restaurants new my home.我家附近有很多餐馆 My parents are making a trip around the world 我的父母正在环游世界 He ran 5 times around the lake. 他绕着湖跑了5圈 She is standing by the door 她正挨着门站着 The TV is beside the window 电视机挨着窗户 He was sitting next to President. 他当时坐在总统的旁边 |
陈述句二(六)高频介词使用
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频词五 | 1. between 几个物体之间 2. among 多个物体之间 3. In the middle of 多个物体的正中间 |
Catastrophic business will happen in the next year because of trade war between China and US.由于中美之间的贸易战,灾难性的商业将在明年发生 He is standing between me and my friend.他站在我和我朋友之间 There is no difference between this two.这两者之间没有区别 You need to choose one between him and me.你得在他和我之间选一个他坐在孩子们中间 He was sitting among the children.她站在我和我的朋友中间 She is standing in the middle of me and my friends.她站在我和我的朋友中间 He hid among of the trees.他藏在树林里。 I will not choose among of you.我不会从你们中间选择 |
| 高频词六 | 1. across 表示横穿物体 2. over 表示从物体的正上方穿过 3. Through表示从物体内部穿过 4. past/by表示从物体的旁边穿过 |
He ran across the road.他跑过马路 He drove a car across the desert. 他开车穿过沙漠 The jet flow over the ship.穿过门,你可以看到厕所 Going through the door, you can see the toilet. 穿过这扇门,你就能看到卫生间了 The sand is through from my finger I saw him through peep hole.沙子从我的手指缝里钻出来了 He walked by his fans.他走过他的扇子 I was driving a car past your home.我开车经过你家 |
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频词七 | 1. Instead of 介词短语 | He stayed at home instead of going out 他没出门而是在家呆着 I went to BJ instead of him.我代替他去北京 |
| 2. Instead 副词均表示替代 | He didn’t go out, he stayed at home instead.他没出门而是在家呆着 I wen to BJ instead, he didn’t go to BJ. 我代替他去北京 |
|
| 高频词八 | 1. According to | We still have enough time according to his words. 根据他的话,我们还有足够的时间 |
| 2. Based on 均表示根据、依据 |
Based on the plan, we can study English well in another month.按照计划,我们再有一个月就能学好英语 | |
| 高频词九 | 1. Besides 包含除了的部分 | Besides basketball, I also like playing football除了篮球,我还喜欢踢足球 Besides breads, What else did you eat for your breakfast?除了面包,你早餐还吃了什么? |
| 2. Except 不包含除了的那部分均表示除了…之外, | Except for Tom, all of person went to BJ.除了Tom,其他人都去了北京 I like all of Chinese food except for spicy food 除了辣的,我喜欢所有的中国食物。 |
陈述句二(七)高频介词使用
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频词十 | ahead of 表示在…前面,也可表示一些程度上的修饰 |
He was 5 meters ahead of me他在我前面5米的地方 He is always ahead of other classmates 他一直领先其他同学 He got in the bus ahead of me.他抢在我前面上了车 I have nothing except for darkness ahead of me.除了黑暗(在我面前)我一无所有 We have a lot of work to do ahead of me摆在我们面前有很多工作要做 |
| 高频词十一 | as for 至于 | As for this thing, you had better leave it alone至于这件事,你最好别管 As for him, I will tell him至于他,我会告诉他的 As for his abilities, I don’t think it a problem 至于他的能力,我不认为是个问题 As for this money, I am about to give you back.至于这些钱,我会还给你的 |
| 高频词十二 | 1. Due to 由于什么而怎么着 2. Owing to原因、因为 3. Because of 原因、因为 4. On account of 因为、由于 5. As a result of作为一个…结果 均表示原因、因为 • 做定语时只能用Due to |
His mistake due to carelessness has been corrected 由于他马虎犯下的错误已经被纠正(作定语) This serious accident was traffic system crash due to human mistake 这次严重事故是由于人为失误引发的交通系统故障(Due to作定语) He didn’t go to work because of storm yesterday 他昨天没来是因为飓风 She can’t come owing to sickness 她因病不能来 His death was as a result of an accident 他的死是由于意外 His failure was on account of lack of experiences 他的失败是由于缺乏经验 Your success was due to your hard working 你的成功因为你的努力工作 |
| 高频词十三 | Thanks to 多亏了,表示原因 | Thanks to you, we succeeded多亏了你帮忙,我们才得以成功 Thanks to his notices, we avoided a car accident 多亏了他的提醒,我们才逃过一场车祸 Thanks to you, I won’t see him any more多亏你了,我再也见不到他了 |
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频词十四 | 1. For | I am sorry for your loss 非常抱歉你的损失 |
| 2. At | He was so surprised at this message 他获知这个消息后很惊讶 | |
| 3. From 外因 | She died from a car accident 她死于车祸 | |
| 4. Of 内因 | She died of bleeding too much 她死于失血过多 | |
| 6. By(mistake/chance/accident | I took a wrong bag by mistake. 因为失误我拿错了包 | |
| ) They met on the street by accident 他们意外在路上遇见 | ||
| They will attend conference by chance 他们有机会参加研讨会 | ||
| 7. Out of 出于… | The kid opened the door out of curiosity 那个孩子出于好奇开了门 | |
| I helped him out of kindness 我出于好心才帮他 | ||
| 8. Through 由于、通过 也是表原因,但隐藏较深 |
We succeeded through teamwork 我们成功因为团队协同 | |
| They failed through lack of cooperation 他们失败因为缺少配合 | ||
| 一些注意事项 | 1. 动词或名词+less,表示反义形容词,例如,care+less = careless粗心大意的, use+less= useless 无用的 | |
| 2. 形容词+ness改变词性为名词,例如,careless+ness = carelessness 粗心大意,useless+ness = uselessness 无用 | ||
| 3. Mal+名词,也表示反义名词,例如,mal+nutrition营养 = 没营养,mal+function功能 = 失去功能/失效 |
陈述句二(八)
1、高频介词使用
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 高频词十五 | 1. Of 浅显的关于 2. About 正常的关于,程度高 3. On 正式的关于 均表关于,但程度不同 |
He spoke/talked of his boss several days ago 他前几天提到了你老板 I thought of that thing yesterday我昨天想到了那件事 We talked about his boss 我们谈到了他老板 I thought about that case yesterday 我昨天考虑过这个案子 This is a book on Chinese history这是一本关于中国历史的书 |
| 高频词十六 | Like It’s like(that)好像… It’s not like(that)不是…一样 |
He fell asleep like baby 他像个孩子一样睡着了 He acted as usual like nothing happened 他表现如此平静好像什么也没发生 It’s like he got much older overnight 他好像一夜老了很多 it’s not like before 和以前不一样 |
| 高频词十七 | As 作为… | We chose him as a team leader我们选择他作为组长。 I am talking to you as your parent 我作为你的家长正在跟你说话。 |
| 高频词十八 | In exchange for作为…交易 in return for作为…回报 In reward for作为…奖励 |
I promise him to lend 1000 yuan in exchange for labor I told him the truth in return for his help 为了回报他的帮助,我告诉他事实真相 He was received a new car by company in reward for his hard working. 作为对他勤奋工作的奖励,公司送给他一辆车。 |
2、疑问句的翻译规则
| 疑问词 | 例句 | |
|---|---|---|
| Who(whom) | 名词性疑问句 | Who is he?他是谁? |
| What | 名词/形容词性疑问句 | What are you doing?你在做什么? What time is it?几点了? |
| Whose | 形容词性疑问句 | Whose book is on the table?谁的书在桌子上? |
| Which | 形容词性疑问句 | Which book is on the table?哪本书在桌子上? |
| When | 副词性疑问句 | When did you go to BJ?你什么时候去过北京? |
| Where | 副词性疑问句 | Where are you going to go?你什么时候准备走? |
| Why | 副词性疑问句 | Why did you do it?你为什么这样做? |
| How | 副词性疑问句 | How does he look?他看起来怎么样? |
3、Who和whom的区别
Who即可做主语也可以做宾语
Whom的使用需要有介词帮助,用于宾语
例句:Who are you waiting for?/For whom are you waiting?
使用名词性和形容词性疑问句是需要使用介词
At which hospital did he see her?
Which hospital did he see her at?
4、翻译的原则
1.确定一般还是特殊,如果是特殊疑问句,要确定哪种?
2.找句子主干,主谓宾或主系表
3.特殊疑问句,名词性的一般是主或宾语,如果是形容词性的也会跟名词。副词性疑问句通常修饰名词、动词等
例句:To whom was the house sold?/Who was the house sold to? 这个房子卖给谁?
When did you see him in the street?你在什么时候在街上看到他?
陈述句二(九)连词
| 关键字 | 解释 | 例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| Neither…nor | 两者都不… 表否定多跟单数 | Neither he nor his girl friend is good at English 他和他女朋友英语都不好 I went to neither BJ not SH 北京上海我都没去 He lives neither upstairs nor downstairs 他既不住楼上也不住楼下 I neither know nor want to know.他不知道也不想知道。 This bag is neither good-looking nor ugly这个包既不好看也不丑(中等) |
| Either…or | 不是…就是(二者选一)多跟单数 | Either you or I am wrong不是你错了就是我错了 You choose either this one or that one 你要么选择这个要么选择那个 He is either a teacher or a doctor 他要么是老师要么是医生 He slept either upstairs or downstairs 他要么睡楼上要么睡楼下 |
| Not only … | 不仅…而且… | Not only he but also Tom went to BJ 不仅他,Tom也去了北京 |
| but also | 肯定句时 not可与动词或系动词组成否定形式!否定句时不可变 | I like not only playing basketball but also playing football.我不仅喜欢打篮球而且也喜欢踢足球He isn’t only a teacher but also a doctor他既不是老师也不是医生 He not only didn’t call me but also didn’t come here/He didn’t appear as well as called me |
| As well as | 也是,(就远原则) | He went to SH as well as BJ / He went to SH, he went to BJ as well.他不仅去了上海也同时去了北京 |
| Both…and | 两者都… 表肯定多跟复数 | Both I and he want to see the doctor 我和他都想看医生 |
| I like both beer and white wine 啤酒和白酒我都喜爱 | ||
| And | 什么和什么一起(就近) | I and he went to BJ 我和他一起去北京 You and she likes playing basketball and bowling你和她喜欢打篮球和保龄球 |
| 小结及注意 事项 |
连词可以用于主语、宾语、表语、介词短语、谓语、副词、补语和同位语 以上连词中一旦跟进涉及单复数情况,除了as well as有就远原则,其他都是就近原则,只需要看动词前的名词或代词 |
例句:Not only I but also he wants to watch the movie/ He as well as I wants to watch the movie. 不仅我,而且他想看这部电影/他像我一样想看这部电影 |
【小结及注意事项】
连词可以用于主语、宾语、表语、介词短语、谓语、副词、补语和同位语
以上连词中一旦跟进涉及单复数情况,除了as well as有就远原则,其他都是就近原则,只需要看动词前的名词或代词
例句:
Not only I but also he wants to watch the movie
不仅我,而且他想看这部电影,want 对应he,所以用wants
I as well as he want to watch the movie.
他像我一样想看这部电影,want对应I,所以用want
陈述句二(十)不定代词
一共有9种代词,最后三种将在后续章节讲解,前五种之前已经讲过,本章重点不定代词
1、定义
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
| 代词 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| 人称代词 | 主格、宾格 |
| 物主代词 | 形容词性物主代词(my book / your friends / our teacher / their money /his wallet / her face ) |
| 名词性物主代词 ( mine / yours / ours / its / his / hers/ theirs ) | |
| 后面是名词的,前面就要用形容词性物主代词。后面没有名词的话,就用名词性物主代词 | |
| 反身代词 | Myself /ourselves / yourself / yourselves / himself / herself / itself / themselves |
| 相互代词 | Each other / on another |
| 指示代词 | this that(指定单个,例如这个this one,那个 that one) |
| these those(指定一组或一堆,例如这些书these books,那些笔those pens) | |
| 不定代词 | 本章重点 |
| 疑问代词 | 未来课程教授 |
| 连接代词 | 未来课程教授 |
| 关系代词 | 未来课程教授 |
2、不定代词
陈述句二(十一)
1、复合不定代词
| 关键字 | 解释及用法 | 用法规则和对应例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| • someone / somebody / something 一些人或事情,用于肯定 • anyone / anybody / anything 一些人或事情,用于否定 • No one / nobody / nothing 无人或事情 • Everyone / everybody / everything 任何人或者任何事情 |
1. 定语后置 2. 所有格(表示谁的东西) 3. 单复数(所有都是单数) 4. 祈使句 5. 名词 6. 否定(not any = no) 7. 替代(人用they,物用it)即反义疑问句。前一句是肯定或否定句,逗号后是疑问句 |
1.I have something important to tell you 我有重要事情告诉你 1.Would you like something to eat? 1. Do you have anything to play? |
| 2. This is not anyone’s fault. | ||
| 2. Don’t’ you remember anyone else’s name?你不记得其他人名字吗 | ||
| 3. Nothing is impossible 一些皆有可能 | ||
| 4. Nobody move/Everybody don’t move别动 | ||
| 5. He is a nobody, but he will be a somebody他是个小人物,但未来十个大人物 | ||
| 6. He didn’t tell me anything/He told me nothing 他没告诉我任何事情 6.I didn’t hear anything./I heard nothing我听不见 |
||
| 7.Someone told you, didn’t they? 有人告诉你了,对吧? 7.Everyone gets here, don’t they? 所有人都到了,对吗? 7.Everything is ready, isn’t it 所有事情准备好了,对吗? 7.Something is up, isn’t it 出问题了,对吗? 7.Everybody doesn’t know, do they? 所有人都不知道,是吗? |
2、名词所有格
名词所有格即名词的所有格式,例如:我妻子的手机、孩子们的节日
| 所有格的分类 | 解释及用法 | 用法规则和对应例句(并解释结构) |
|---|---|---|
| 有生命的名词+’s | 1) 单数名词词尾加(’s) | 1. My wife’s bag / his mother’s coat |
| 2) 复数名词不以s结尾(’s) | 2. Men’s toilet / children’s day | |
| 3) 复数名词以s结尾加(‘) | 3. My friends’ gifts / those girls’ flowers Tom’s name = The name of Tom | |
| 无生命的名词+of+名词 | The door of the house 房子的门 | |
| The window of the room 房间的窗 | ||
| 特殊所有格 | 1) 分别有分别加,共同有最后一个加 | 1. Lily’s and Lucy’s father / Lily and Lucy’s teacher 莉莉的父亲和露西的父亲(莉莉和露西不是一家人)莉莉和露西的老师(共同的) |
| 2) 表示店铺教堂医院场所或者某人家时可省略所修饰的名词 | 2. this is The doctor’s / My parents’ 这是医生的/这是我父母的。 |
|
| 3) 一些时间、距离、国家城市等无生命的词也可以添加(’) 或(’s) | 3. Today’s newspaper / five minutes’ talk / China’s future 今天的报纸/五分钟的谈话/中国的未来 |
|
| 双重所有格 | 名词+of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词 | a picture of Tom表示这张照片里面的人是Tom, a picture of Tom’s表示这是一张属于Tom的照片 • a picture of Tom’s / a friend of my father’s • a picture of his / a friend of mine(我的朋友们中的其中一个朋友) |
陈述句二(十二)冠词
1、使用冠词技巧
定冠词(The)用法口诀
•江河海洋与群山,沙漠群岛海峡湾
•阶级党派朝代名,家族民族与报刊
•厂矿机关农历节,天体组织会议船
•习语特指独有词,普通名词专有含。
•计量单位洋乐器,人的事物再次谈。
•方位次序最高级,前面都需定冠词。
江河海洋与群山
• 有水无湖,湖因为是固定的所以不需要制定,因此不需要加the。而河、江、海都流经或濒临多个地方所以要加the,
例子:The Pacific太平洋,The Red Sea红海,The Thames泰晤士河
• 有山无峰,群山因由多个山组成,并且可能跨多个区域,需要特定
指明,因此要加the。如单纯指某座山或山峰,着不需要加the。例子:The tian-shan mountains天山山脉,Mount Tai泰山
家族、民族与报刊
• 定冠词和姓氏复数形式连用时,指“全家人”,定冠词和姓氏的单数
连用时,则指同一个姓氏几个人中的某个人。
例子:The Smiths史密夫夫妇一家人,The Smith史密夫先生
• 定冠词和表示民族的词连用时,指“整个民族”。修饰主语时谓词或
系动词需要使用复数姓氏。
例子:The Chinese中华民族
• 特定报刊,如The Times 泰晤士报,The Washington Post华盛顿邮报,
The People’s Daily 人民日报
中国农历节
• 中国农历节要加The,西方节日不用加the
天体
• 有球无星,地球、月亮要加the,行星不用the,
例子:The Earth地球、the sky天空; Mars火星,Venus金星
习语、特指、独有词
The Great Wall 长城
The United States 美利坚合众国
The United Nations 联合国
The Long March 长征
普通名词专有含
The Great Wall 长城
The United States 美利坚合众国
The United Nations 联合国
The Long March 长征
计量单位洋乐器
• 计量单位,用于表示计量单位的单数名词前,意为“按照…标准
(单位)
例子:Worker are paid by the week 工人是按月出薪水
• 洋乐器
例子:play the piano,play the violin
• 人的事物再次谈
例子:He lives in a farm. But the farm is not big
方位次序最高级
• 方位词,例如:The east,the right
• 次序,例如:The first one, the last one
• 最高级:例如:The most important factor
2、不适用冠词技巧
零冠词用法口诀
•下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前。
•专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭。
•复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前。
•颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
代词限定名词前
•名词前已有作定语用的my、his、that、some、any等限定词
专有名词不可数
•不可数名词前,例如: The chair is made of wood
学科球类三餐饭
•学科
例子:math, Chinese, physics
•球类
例子:basketball, football, volleyball, chess
•三餐饭
例子:breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper
复数名词表泛指
•复数名词表示泛指(一类人或物体)
例子:Horses are useful animals.
两节星期月份前
•西方节日、季节
例子:Christmas Day(节日), Summer,( 季节),
Sunday(星期), July(月份)
颜色语种及国名
•表示颜色
例子:It is red coat. He dyed his hair yellow
•表示语种
例子:I can speak good English, We spoke in Japanese
•表示国名
例子:We live in China. She lives in Japan
称呼习语及头衔
•指职位、头衔的词
例子:Professor Lee, President Trump, Chairman Mao
3、冠词-其他技巧及基本规律
不使用冠词之某些习惯短语
•例如:in bed, got to hospital
•例如:at school, in town, at midnight,
与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词
•例如:by car, by train, by bus, by ferry, air, water, land
冠词的基本使用规律
| 可数名词 | 泛指:复数 | cats 泛指所有猫 The cat 特指某只猫 The cats 特指某一类或某些猫 |
|---|---|---|
| 特指:the + 单数或复数 | ||
| 不可数名词 | 泛指:复数 | money 泛指所有钱 The money 特指的钱 |
| 特指:the + 原型 |
