1. complete——Complete a data frame with missing combinations of data ```r df <- tibble( group = c(1:2, 1, 2), item_id = c(1:2, 2, 3), item_name = c(“a”, “a”, “b”, “b”), value1 = c(1, NA, 3, 4), value2 = 4:7 )

df

group item_id item_name value1 value2

1 1 1 a 1 4

2 2 2 a NA 5

3 1 2 b 3 6

4 2 3 b 4 7

complete(df, group, item_id, item_name)

group item_id item_name value1 value2

1 1 1 a 1 4

2 1 1 b NA NA

3 1 2 a NA NA

4 1 2 b 3 6

5 1 3 a NA NA

6 1 3 b NA NA

7 2 1 a NA NA

8 2 1 b NA NA

9 2 2 a NA 5

10 2 2 b NA NA

11 2 3 a NA NA

12 2 3 b 4 7

```

  1. expand——Expand data frame to include all possible combinations of values