English Preposition Explained = 英语介词详解

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Chapter 1 introduction and orientation

8. 介词的 subject 和 landmark

8.1 基础

There is a candle on the table.

8.6 事件、活动等作为 subject 和 landmark

The bomb went off near a guest house.

8.7 问句中语法性质的 subject 和 landmark

What did you do at school?

Who did you see her with?

Where did you see her? ①

介词在哪儿？
①≡：

Where did you see her at? ②

② 也是美国英语用法

8.9 lexical landmark 的省略

Is she in her house?

12. 几何含义，功能含义，角色含义

• 几何含义
  • a drink on the table
• 功能含义
  • a mirror on the wall
• 角色含义
  • throw a ball to Mike 丨to 表示[受者]
  • throw a ball at Mike 丨at 表示[目标]

14. 介词的分类

许许多多。
本书主要采用：
Table 1.5 Classification by the relevant axis 丨坐标轴的相对关系

16. phrasal verbs ( multi-word verbs)

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions plus possible other words in addition.

18. prepositions, directional adverbs and particles

三者的区别：

Chapter 2 toward(s), to, in / into, inward, outward, through, out (of), from ( off), away (from)

1. overview

标题中的词都表示【运动的方向和路径】，动态的介词。

图解：

toward（s），主英国英语。

2. toward（s）

2.1 the meaning of toward(s)

向着目标靠近，不一定到达。

She…started toward the house, but then turned toward the barn.

3. to

3.1 to 的基本义

表示： 路径的终点。

I went to their house. 丨到达门前即可，不一定进入室内。

4. in / into

4.1 in / into to

4.1.1 基本区别

in/into： 进入【有边界范围的】内部

to：到达面前

to：也可能表示进入内部，由【生活经验】提供。

She went to the library.

4.1.2 是否有边界，取决于说者的认识

近则有，远则无

I’m going into the city to see the sights. 丨近则有。如从相邻城市去。 I’m going to the Chicago to see the sights.丨远则无。如从中国去。

4.2 in into

in：偏重静态的结果。

into：偏重动态的过程；冲破边界。

	——	——
静态	We slept in the car.	We crashed in the tree.
动态	We slept into the car.	We crashed into the tree.

into：landmark 必须明示。

in：landmark 可不明示。

We got in late.
We got into late.

into 区别于 in 的三点：

其一：连续进入，只可用 into

We drove deeper into the forest.
We drove deeper in the forest.

其二：抽象、半抽象的 Landmark，只可用 into

He broke into / in our meeting / conversation. 丨半抽象
He broke into / in my reveries. 丨抽象

其三：48

5. inward(s)

图示：

左：inward-looking 的人

右：inward 运输（从其他国家运到英国）

6. through

6.1 基本义

其一：路径穿过 landmark 的边界，

其二：路径在 landmark 之内，

Fish move through the water by waving their fins back and forth.

6.2 through 的比喻用法

My parents went through a bitter divorce when I was a child.

6.3 through 的三种含义

51

7. out (of)

7.1 out (of) 中的 of

52

7.2 out

7.2.1 out 的基本含义

Subject 先在 landmark 内部，然后运动到 landmark 外部。

7.2.2 out ‘in all directions away from a central landmark’丨四散开来

As you melt butter on a griddle, it spreads out.

7.3 more metaphorical senses and usages of out

7.3.2 out ~ ‘from the beginning to the end’ 丨由始及终的全过程

Jo Durie is hoping her dodgy knees hold out for an emotional Wimbledon farewell. ①
drag out a meeting ②
talk out a problem ③
talk out a bill ④

landmark 表示：

1. 行动开始处理的问题 ③
2. 行动之后达成的结果 ④
3. 行动需要经历的过程 ① ②

7.3.3 out ‘better than’

outsing
outperform
outdo

相比较，超出小者的范围

7.4 out 的视角

7.4.2 out，从有到无

He is out. Phone back later. 丨刚才在室内，现在不在了。
He’s out [~unconscious]. Keep him warm until the ambulance comes. 丨consciousness 刚才在的，现在失去了
The lamp’s gone out. 丨lamp【指light】消失了
The bridge was taken out by floods in 1877.

类似的前缀 ex-：

exclude
expunge
extinguish
extirpate
extinct
exhausted
eliminate

7.4.3 out，从隐到显

People should learn to bring their differences out in the open.
She told him right out what she thought of his sentimental tripe.
Figure/Puzzle/Work/Reason it out.
My book is out – sometimes good things happen!

类似的前缀 ex-：

explain
explicate

7.4.4 out，物由多变少至无

We are running out of time.

out of love
out of luck
out of trouble

8. outward(s)，离开中心向外

A ring of bacteria move[s] outward toward the edge of the plate.

9. from

9.1.1 from 的基本义

离开某处，暗含路径，起点形状不限

Draw a line from point A to point B.
What causes air to rise from surface to the atmoshpere?

9.1.2 from 对比其他表【离开】的介词：out，off，off from

out (of)：强调起点在内，终点在外

off：

① 强调起点为平面

The rocket/plane/rocket is taking off/from.

② subject 的位置变得低于 landmark

Let the curtain fall off the rod.

③ 面广，费力

Removing peel-off masks [from your face] might be pretty gross.

9.1.3 字面上， from of

9.2 from，比喻用法

9.2.1 from，表顺序

It’s United from Liverpool from Arsenal.

United 第一，Liverpool 第二， Arsenal 第三。

9.2.4 from, to 辩异

A different from / to B.
No one is immune to / from / against poison ivy.
opposite to / / from the station
按照常用频度排序。

9.3 口语中 out of， off 代替 from

The vinegar is made out of apple. 丨口语。形象
The vinegar is made from apple. 丨书面语。正式，客观

9.3.2 off from

It’s like taking candy off a baby. 丨生硬，冷酷，剥夺感【off 平面】
It’s like taking candy from a baby. 丨自然，温情，客观【from 任何形状】

The picture fell from the wall. 丨呆板
The picture fell off the wall. 丨自然 【off 平面】

10. away from: ‘farther (from)’, ‘in the opposite direction (from)’

10.1 away and away from

带有 landmark ，用 away from

① 这里的 from ，是否表明路径起点不确定

② 暗指路径较长

10.2 away: 基本义的引申及字面用法

图示：

虚线表示黑点不一定是起点。

Solar sails could be ideal for fast travel away from the sun.
At first it seems that the road runs away from the coast.

10.3.2 away：减弱至无

The movie ended and the violins faded away.

10.3.3 away: 脱离束缚；重复动作

…water cooled machine guns firing away for 10 minutes
①持续
②不受抑制

注意：

① 极少负面意义

② 和下例用法不同

Laugh away the wind blues.

11. Time

介词用在时间上，意义为空间用法的基本意。

1. …as we move into / toward(s) / out of winter…
2. It was gettin on ==towards evening.
3. There’s a chance some of us…won’t live to the end of the year.
4. …moving into the new millennium.
5. iPhone dominance to continue through 2010
6. What an amazing place, straight out of the last century.
7. …work from 9 to 5.
8. So as we move away from Christmas and…into this new year.

Chapter 3 on, off, on

on the in- / outside
on top (of)
back
forward
ahead
to / on the right / left (of)
off
away
along
out
toward(s)
about
around
concerning
under
upon
on the back of

2. on：接触并依赖

2.1 on：基本意

the book on the table

2.2 on， 多种应用及一种意义引申

多种应用：

the mirror on the wall 丨landmark 垂直
the security light on the outside of the house 丨【同上】
the bug on the ceiling 丨landmark 在 subject 之上
chewing gum on the bottom of the table 丨【同上】

一种意义引申：接触但不依赖

Here is a blob on the line.

2.3 on: contact at ends & edges

2.3.1 依赖变为非依赖，甚至非接触

Only a rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail.
I feel like a balloon on the end of a string.
Both of these campgrounds are right on the ocean.
Te Luxembourg Shell station on the motorway to France happens to be Europe’s
largest one.

3. On: ‘in the direction being faced’ & / or ‘in the same direction as before’丨在面对的方向上；在原先的方向上

on, back：面对方向和运动方向无关

forward：面对方向和前进方向一致丨反义词：back, backward(s)

ahead：【同上】，但没那么绝对丨反义词：behind

意义方面，积极性比较：

forward > ahead > on > back / backward(s)

4. onto: ‘forceful contact’ 丨硬碰硬

Mix the compound, paint and aggregate and spray it onto the ceiling.
Rise up onto your toes. 丨landmark 不那么宽广
Te hostess came onto the stage. 丨landmark 相对 subject 更为显著

比喻用法：

How did we get onto this topic in the first place?
They blame it onto you.

5. off, the opposite of on

5.1 off 用于路径

Put something on the table.
Take something off the table.

类似用法的词组：

knock x off y
push x off y
brush x off y
blow x off y

fend off a tackler
ward off an attacker

take the veil off the veil
cross him off my list
take the topic off the agenda
ward off a cold

5.2 off, as a preposition of place 丨用于位置

means: not in contact with

The Isle of Wight is off the south coast of England.

off: 距离不可推断，只表示不相接触

away from: 长距离分隔

Take my name off the door. 丨landmark 垂直

6. on top (of)

意象：

…a piece of decorative stone that sits on top of a pillar.

细长高大的 landmark。

He is a really nice bloke and, on top of that, he is a fantastic goalkeeper. 丨比喻用法

引申意：支配，控制

意象：

on top of the world ~ ‘delighted, free of care’
You have three months to get on top of the job and move forward, or fail.

反义：under

意象：

under a heavy burden (of responsibility)

7. On the right/left (hand)(side) (of) vs to the right/left (hand)(side)(of)

to：subject 和 landmark 相距远

on：subject 和 landmark 相距近，至少看得见

Did you notice the twin oak trees on the left hand side of the path?
veer to the right

8. more about literal on

8.1 on along, away, off

The car sped on： 继续之前的动作
The car sped along： 圆滑的曲线运动
The car sped off： 离开原来地点
The car sped away： 远离观察点

9. some common metaphorical usages of on and off

9.1 on for metaphorical contact off

9.1.1 on with topic landmarks about, around, concerning

on a topic: 紧扣主题
off a topoic: 离题万里
around a topic: 泛泛而谈，非学术性质的
about a topic: 与主题的距离不明
concerning a topic: 与主题的距离不明，主流用法

9.1.2 the burden metaphor: on, under, upon, off

This round (of drink) is on me.
It’s imcumbent on / upon me to act. 丨upon，正式用法
It is difficult on us to see it.
Instead of seeing immigrant of students as a drain on our recourses, we need to…
I have to draw on my savings.

to, on 辩异：

turn your back to sb. 丨方向
turn your back on sb. 丨鄙视

March to Washington 丨目的地
March on Washington 丨要惹事

9.1.3 on, forceful contact from above

a cat pouncing on a mouse

比喻用法：

Two days later he dropped the news on his parents: he had quit school.
Virgie always jumped on her about her drug use.

9.1.4 on, contact from any direction, including very forceful contact

beat / pound / knock / tap on the floor / wall / ceiling
hit / strike / pat / stroke / rub / touch sb. on the head / back
: 缓解动词的力量破坏感

9.1.5 on, th landmark as an object of slower action

scratch your name on the wall
Some acids act on plastic.
work on a math problem

9.1.6 the basis metaphor: on, and do x ‘on the back of’ y

do x on an impulse / whim / dare
rely / depend / hinge on

更多：

Judge/assess/evaluate people on their merits.

类似：

do x on the basis / assumption
do x on your own initiative
do x on sb’s authority

相关，一个新趋势：

My business has succeeded on the back of innovation.

9.1.7 bet / spend x on y

bet / wager / spend x on y
e.g. spend time on a project

9.2 on and off: additional common metaphorical usages

9.2.1 on ( off): accessibility, availability, existence, currency

The light’s on.
The deal is on.
It’s on sale / display / exhibition.

对比 off：

How do I sign off the dole?
Busines has fallen / tapered off.

off, out 辩异：

Why had Christmas almost died off in England before… 丨渐变，着重过程
Why had Christmas almost died out in England before… 丨着重结果

9.2.2 not on & off ‘not good enough’

Easy to tell if milk is off with a quick sniff.
Fry knows his behaviour was off, and has apologised.

not on: not socially / morally acceptable

Confront your teammate directly and say their behaviour is not on.

9.2.3 off suggests ‘up’ as in lift off, take off</u

take off
lift off

比喻：

emotional lift off

相关：

The bomb went off.

化用：

A light went off in my head. 丨灵光乍现

9.2.4 live off x live on x

9.2.5 on fire / watch / guard / duty / patrol… & on the run, on the go…

An activity seems used as a physical location.

a house on fire a house burning
soldiers on guard soldiers guarding

类似：

on the run
on the go
on the move
on the wane
on the increase

9.2.6 visual contact: look on x</u

俯视，有时鄙视：

I looked on this chump…as a dove of peace.
She looked in on the children.

10. metaphorical on

go on reading continue reading
keep on
drive on
ride on
speak on
get on with sb have an acceptable relationship

11. on & on

11.1 a probably illusory, figurative blend of on & on

83

11.2 are on & on related?

84

12. time

12.1 on at & in

on 的 landmark 中等时长：

on Friday
on this occasion

on weekend 丨一天，北美
at weekend 丨一点，英国

at 的 landmark 为时间点：

at that moment
at 11:30
at noon (12:00)
at dawn
at dusk
: second best

in 的 landmark 时段较长：

in the Stone Age
in the last century
in 2015
in the morning

12.2 on & onto

Ten years on, he would be 22 or 23.

12.3 off

相隔一段时间之后：

Newspapers by computer [were] still a few years off in 1981.

12.4 ahead (of)

PM to appear ahead of election.

Chapter 4 in, on, out, into

during
inside
within

　1. overview

2. in other prepositions including on

2.1 in, on, within, inside, out (of): representative applications

1	2	3	4	5	6
sit on a chair	stand on a trampoline	sit in an arm chair	swimming in the water	in bed under the covers	in / inside / within a house
（没有扶手）	（蹦床）		（头露在水面）

2.2 in re a landmark which is like a line, but on re a line of one dimension

2.3 being in without really being geometrically in

88

3. in and its relatives

3.1 in, inside, within

inside:

in 的强调

within:

相似 inside ；
语气柔和；
不那么强调；
多用抽象 landmark，尤其是时间

within the American political system
You should have an answer within minutes.

3.3 be in be on a bus, train, etc.

作为大型交通工具使用的 landmark：

get / be on a bus 丨初期都是巨大的平面，没有盖儿

4. common metaphorical usages of in(to)

具化为容器的词：

—— states, conditions, circumstances, actions, moods

get into / out of debt

—— segements of language

put our thoughts into words

5. time

5.1 in on & at

92

5.1.1 long spans of time: in

时长大于 days，几乎总是用 in：

It happened in the first week / month / term / year of school.

5.1.2 days: on

有专用名称，或者特指的日子，用 on：

On Christmas day, Thursday…, we…
On my birthday / the first day / the day we arrived…, we…

这种情况下，一天中的部分时段， 也用 on：

On Christmas Eve / the morning of the first day, we…
On the afternoon / night we arrived…

5.1.3 the expressions in the day / night / afternoon…

landmark 被看做时间段：

[Hedgehogs] are likely to be seen out in the day. 丨在白天

5.1.4 __ the morning/afternoon…of…: in on

In the evening, we sat on the floor between our beds.
On the evening of January 2, 1869, the still unmarried Wagner and Cosima
von Bűlow are rummaging through their library.

5.2 set phrases with in and on

in a moment very soon
on the dot precisely at an agreed time

5.3 during in, at, on

during 源自法语，意为 ‘to last’:

duration
endure
durable

作为介词，意为在 landmark 的时间范围内，动作持续

Any other exercise may also be used during the minute between rounds.

all during throughout:

sleep all during the play

5.4 do something in x seconds/minutes/hours…

It’s so simple you can do it in 5 minutes. 丨完成动作 [0, 5]
Wait. I’ll do it in a minute. 丨开始动作 [0, 1]
She’s not in. Call back in 20 minutes. 丨开始动作 (20, +∞)

5.5 inside & within

95

5.6 in doing ( ‘while doing’) on doing ( ‘when doing’)

The defendant, in entering the house of the offended parties, had to cut the fastenings which held its door closed. 丨拉伸时间
On entering, he appeared rather abashed and looked very pale. 丨压缩时间

Chapter 5 beside, along, against, alongside, aside

to / on the right/left (of)

1. overview

96

2. basic spacial meanings

2.1 beside along, alongside

alongside： 不恰当。两者都不是长条形的。

along：不可以。非长条，而且没有运动。

along：不恰当。没有运动。

三者皆可。

beside，alongside 不可以。（俯视）不在side，而在其内。

along 表平行，beside 表靠近。

2.2 beside & along against

2.2.1 place or endpoint of a path

against 强调 subject 和 landmark 接触：

The chances of falling [were] slim, ‘cos we were pressed against the people in front.’
Put a chair against the wall and see where the back of the chair hits the wall.

或者无限接近：

All the chairs should be against the wall.

2.2.2 landmarks that flow: against, into, with, along

swim against the tide 丨逆流
sail into the wind 丨插入
sail with the tide 丨顺流
sail along with the tide 丨顺流而下

2.3 alongside beside & along

99

3. metaphorical usages

3.1 along

get along with sb. 丨齐头并进，不碰撞，不分离

3.3 besides

Besides, this is the ideal environment.
Out of 13 writers there was one other woman besides me. 丨附带提一下。为保证人数的正确性，并非强调还有我。

3.4 alongside, beside, ‘in cooperation with’

101

3.5 beside yourself with anger

beside，非接触。出离愤怒。

4. aside

Draw the curtain aside.
Several times he waved bodyguards aside and stopped to shake hands with
old friends.
Governments ofen tend to sweep human rights aside…
[It] will be a welcome chance for Arab states to set aside their differences.

put / set x aside (for later)

Aside from a mild fever, the patient feels fine.

5. right / left – to the right / left (of), etc.

区别细微。

102

6. time

You have to put time aside for book reading. 丨具化 time 。

Chapter 6 between, among(st)

in between
amid(st)
in the midst (of)
in the middle (of)
inter-

1. overview

2. Literal and metaphorical usages of between

2.1 between as a preposition of place & in between

2.2 between: movement to an endpoint between a double landmark & in between

literal: Put the little box between the two big ones.
metaphorical: A silence had come between us.

2.3 between as a preposition of path in between

literal: The ball went between the goal posts.
metaphorical: not found.

2.4 between for dividing and sharing

Person A and person B have divided the cake between them.

2.5 between for choosing, distinguishing, discerning…

You can…choose between tea bags and loose tea.
It’s not easy to distinguish between good and evil.

2.6 the difference between / among; There’s nothing in it!

You could make the difference between life and death.

Real help is durable; you can tell the difference between real help and rescue by that.

2.7 between for stating a range

It’s somwhere between green and blue.
It’s somewhere between Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

3. literal and metaphorical usages of among(st) ‘in a group or crowd’

a circle among a lot of solid squares
Among other things, I like life to be fun.

4. among between

among 用得少，需要的时候常常用 in 或者 through 代替。

a cabinet in the woods
a stroll through the woods

5. amid(st) among(st) & in the midst of, in the middle (of)

amid 的 landmark 通常是三位的。

cow amid the grass

高大、茂盛的草场

amdist 的 landmark 通常是散列的。

amid 的 landmark 多抽象。

[He] resigned yesterday amid a scandal over his personal fnances.

in the middle of 比 amid 更强调在中心。

a duck in the middle of the pond

6. inter-

拉丁前缀。

7. time

含义直观。

It was between 4 and 5 o’clock.
the inter-war years

Chapter 7 across (from), opposite (from), on the other side (of), beyond

behind
over
at the other end (of)

1. overview

这些介词的方位含义，相对于 landmark 的另外一边。

2. across (from) opposite from

They live opposite / across us.

across 的 landmark 应该是 the street
They live opposite / across.
opposite 的 landmark 可省略
They live across / opposite the street from us.
landmark
They live across / opposite from us.
across 的 landmark 可省略。

2.1 across & opposite: more about flexibility of application

也可不正对，但至少x坐标值的范围有交集。

3. on the other side (of) across (from) & opposite

on the other side (of)，在 landmark 的另一边，对 landmark 的形状不做要求。

常用在两边的 subject 相距很远，甚至不在视野。

正确：The Parma area of Italy is…on the other side of the Alps from Switzerland.
不妥：The Parma area of Italy is…across the Alps from Switzerland. 丨across 的暗示平面
正确：The Parma area of Italy is…(just) over the Alps from Switzerland. 丨over 先上再下
错误：The Parma area of Italy is…opposite the Alps from Switzerland. 丨opposite 后跟 subject
正确：The Parma area of Italy is…opposite Switzerland on the other side of the Alps.

4. at the other/at the opposite end (of) on the other side (of)

⬛ ⬛ ⬛ ⬛ ⬛ ⬛

The two moons are at opposite ends of a line of boxes.
The waning moon is at the other / opposite end of a line of boxes from the waxing moon.

5. beyond

5.1 a typical physical scene; beyond on the other side of, behind & over

…the house is on the other side of the hill. 丨和对面山脚的距离不明。
…the house is behind the hill. 丨暗示就在对面山脚不远。
…the house is over the hill. 丨和对面山脚的距离不明。
The house is beyond the hill. 丨和对面山脚的距离很远。
The tree is behind / on the other side of / beyond the hill.

5.2 beyond: metaphorical usages

beyond 多用于比喻。

John’s behavior is beyond any excuse.

6. time

This recession may linger beyond next year.
Here, on the other side of Christmas, we find ourselves living in the same old world.
Holi is the festival of colour marking the beginning of summer, while at the other end of the year, Diwali marks the onset of winter.

Chapter 8 behind, on the other side (of), in back (of), in front (of)

before
after
ahead of
in the front/back (of)

1. overview

2. behind

2.1 behind, in back (of) on the other side (of)

behind 的 landmark 要比 subject 高。

The house is behind the church.
The house is on the other side of / behind / in the back of the bay.

behind 的 landmark 为平面的情形：

“Hey,” barks the first cop; “Keep behind the line.”
When throwing the dart, a player must stand behind the toe line.

这些 landmark 表示的某种规则、限制，不可被跨越。

2.2 behind: faces, fronts, and points of view

119

an ‘intrinsic’ point of view

a ‘deictic’ point of view

2.3 behind, metaphorical usages

behind 的 landmark 遮挡 subject。其比喻用法：

People have long wondered if there was a grand conspiracy behind the assassination of President Lincoln.
What were the reasons behind the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?

behind 的 landmark 推动 subject。其比喻用法：

the power behind the throne
Behind every powerful man is a strong woman.

3. in back (of)

in back (of) 是 behind 的美加替词。比喻用法相同。

He was convinced that the CIA was in back of the assassination.

4. in front (of) & before

4.1 basic meanings

in front (of) 是 behind 的反义词，但较少用于比喻。

before 类似 in front (of), 几乎总是用于时序。

4.2 in front (of) for spatial location before / prior (to) (& after) for chronological sequence

in front (of) 和 before 很少情况可以相互替代。

因为 in front of 的 subject 和 landmark 之间无物，两者相邻。

而 before 的 subject 和 landmark 之间常常有物。

Before the bridge is the…campground store. 丨bridge 和 campground 很可能不相邻。
Before you go, remember to cancel the milk. 丨remember 可以在 go 之前很早，比如听完这句话就 remember 去 cancel。

美加，prior to 常常代替 before。

prior to that moment
prior to meeting
prior to 1980
I did it prior.

4.3 in front (of) & ahead (of) for literal and metaphorical leading behind

对于运动的序列（如，比赛中的赛马）表示前后，用 in front of 和 behind，不用 before 和 after。

这种用法的比喻用法：

Stay in front of the competition.

before 和 after 用于表达事情的顺序。

14 horses crossed the finish line before Mr. Hot

ahead (of) 和 behind 的成对应用。

Surveys of the region ask which countries are ahead and which behind in their progress towards the goal of democracy.
How many hours ahead or behind is Spain than England?

4.4 before for location

used in a semi-locative sense, landmark 比 subject 更权威，更有力量。

The defendant appeared before the court for sentencing.
Caesar drove all before him.

5. in front / back of in the front / back of

The small i is in back of (or behind) the boat.
The X is in the back of the boat.
The Y is in the front of the boat.
The Z is in front of the boat.

6. time

123

Chapter 9 above, over

across
through
via
during
throughout

1. overview

2. basic literal meanings of above & over

2.1 above （ ‘situated directly up & separated from’) & over

above: 悬空，分离

over: 不然

keep your head above / over water
Lean over the stream and look into a calm pool of water.
The sun…moved further above the horizon.

若无明确上下文，则两者皆可用。

2.2 above & over for movement to an endpoint

126

2.3 above ‘at a greater altitude but off to one side’

在上方，可偏离正上方。

3. more about over and above

3.1 over above

3.1.1 more about basic spatial meanings

above: 用于静态

over: 用于动态

An apple has been tossed over a box.
A plane has zoomed over the house.

3.1.2 more about spatial usages of over above & On

over 的路径用法。

We plan to install a…clothesline over the driveway.

over 的 subject 和 landmark 相接触。

We decided to go for a walk over the hill.

over 的覆盖含义。

I have put a cloth over a table. 丨桌布覆盖餐桌
I have put a cloth on a table. 丨一卷未打开的布匹在桌子上

3.1.3 summary of the basic spatial applications of over & above

129

3.2 over: variations from its basic spatial applications

3.2.1 over for paths of virtual (or ‘fictive’) motion

The road runs over a bridge with stone walls on either side.
[Manzanar] is over the mountains from here, on the other side of Yosemite.
Look at the potatoes over there!

3.2.2 over for spread contact

Got hot soup all over you while blending it in a hurry?
How come I have little pimples all over my body?
We sprayed some bug spray all over the ceiling.

3.2.3 fall ‘over‘

She has just fallen over. 丨图中头部画出的弧线即为 over 的 path。
stumble over a log.
overthrow a government

3.2.4 roll over

The log rolled over. 丨图中箭头线。
overturn a decision / ruling

4. above & over: additional metaphorical usages

over 的 subject 影响 landmark。

A dark cloud lay over the family.

4.1 metaphorical above

4.1.1 above ‘more than’

The wind never got above Force 3.

4.1.2 above for separation, exaltedness

above 的 subject 和 landmark 分离，此比喻用法如下。

The actions of public officials must be above suspicion.
I am above that sort of thing.

under suspicion

4.1.3 above for (near) inaudibility

I didn’t hear his step above the high winds.

4.1.4 above for location in written texts

see above 丨见上文
see below 丨见下文

4.2 metaphorical over

4.2.1 over- for excess, as in overflow, overeat, etc.

Where the water goes when a river overflows its banks.

rather few positive:

overjoyed
overflow with love

few netural:

work overtime

most negative:

overeat
overwork
overexpose
over confident
overpaid
over age
over the limit

over the hill 丨巅峰之后下坡路

4.2.2 over: metaphorical obstacles

get over a cold
get over a divorce
get over your first love

4.2.3 over ‘on account of, because of’

three bears fighting over one fish
two polar bears fighting over territory
The committee agonized over the decision.

4.2.4 over for mastery of

have control over x
overrule a decision
override a veto
oversee a project

Jose Mourinho [team manager]: “Only a win over Milan will satisfy me.”

4.2.5 over ‘again’

We’ll have to do it over.
Because no jackpot winners means no jackpot payout, the jackpot fund is “rolled over”
(added to the jackpot for the next draw), hence the term lottery rollover.

4.2.6 over ‘finished’

The strike is over.
Republicans want to turn over a new page.
His wife…retreated to a back bedroom…as the storm passed over.
When the storm was over, the search party found them covered in inches of thick heavy black dust.

4.2.7 over ‘more than’

over a million people

4.2.8 over: in statements of preference

I’ll take coffee over tea any day, thick and black and bitter.

4.2.9 over: concerning transformation

Change is frequently likened to movement from one place to another.

The house was made over for boarders.
Land can be given over to growing non-food crops.

4.2.10 over for hiding, obscuring

an idyllic quality which hazes over the sharp reality

4.2.11 over ‘remaining’

The refrigerator is bursting with left over food.
I just need enough cash to tide me over until payday.
Is there no love left over from Valentine’s Day?

4.2.12 look over overlook

When you rent a car…, look the car over before you sign the rental agreement. 丨仔细检查
Don’t overlook the simple things. 丨没注意到，疏忽

5. across

5.1 across: basic literal usages

穿过 landmark 的想象水平中线。

A: Row across a bay.
B: Fly across a bay.
C: Row across a bay.
D: Row across (a corner of) a bay.

The U.S. should charge illegal aliens who bring children across the border.

I slipped landing on my knees and slid across the ice.

地球的大方向上，across 表东西方向上，南北方向用 up 和 down。

across 也可用在上下方向上。

Roll the paint across the wall.
A ghostly smile flickered across his face.

5.2 across over

across: 偏重平面

over: 偏重空间

选择还与视角有关。

I flew across Canada. 丨从一边海岸线到另一边海岸线
I flew over Canada. 丨在领土上空

In all, about 5000 people made it across The Wall in its 28 years. 丨在宏观上，墙在地图上今有一条线的存在。

5.3 across ~ ‘all over’

Family Planning Clinics across the UK provide free contraceptive advice.

东西南北、纵横交错，处处有交点。

5.4 metaphorical usages of across

5.4.1 get a point across

It’s critical that you learn how to get your point across to people you talk to.

across 的 landmark 是 the communication gap

5.4.2 come across x ‘encounter by chance’

I came across a question in a forum that triggered my interest.

像空间十字交叉那样，相交不容易。

5.4.3 some less idiomatic expressions

141

6. through

6.1 literal usages

6.1.1 basic meanings, typical physical landmarks

一头进，一头出，封闭空间。

6.1.2 through across over

through / across / over a stream

6.2 through: metaphorical usages

6.2.1 situations viewed as spaces in time

He slept through the noise.
I once lost $600 through sheer carelessness.

6.2.2 through (with) ~ ‘fnished (with)’

I’m through with this forum (for now at least).
It’s not too late to change your mind, you don’t have to go through with this.

6.2.3 be through (with) ‘finished (with)’ be over ‘finished’

be over: 主语是可持续的事物

be through with: 主语多为人

You through with the newspaper?

7. via

~ Latin ‘by way of’ 丨经由【途中地点】到底【目的地】

8. time

8.1 over ~ ‘more than’

144

8.2 extent of time: over, throughout, during, through, across

8.2.1 over and throughout

Toughtful ideas to create more romance throughout the year will be more appreciated than a one-time gift. 丨一年中也没一天都……
House prices up 1.1 per cent over the year. 丨年末相比年初的增长

throughout 可用于二维和三维。

throughout the country
all over the country almost as common
all across the country much less common

thoughout the world
all over the world much less common
all across the world even less common

throughout the universe
all over the universe less common
all across the universe comparatively rare

8.2.2 during throughout & in

during 的 subject相对于 landmark 可以是【短暂的】，【断续的】，【连续的】。

daydream during a film

daydream 可以五分钟，好几个五分钟，或者一个90分钟。

daydream in a film

daydream 的人是电影中的角色。

8.2.3 throughout & over during

throughout 比 during 更精细，用于【断续的】，【连续的】。subject 与 landmark 的时间占比应该是远大于一半。

over 比 during 更精细，但仅用于时间性质的 landmark，如 hour，day，year。

8.2.4 throughout through

throughout 强调自始至终。

through 不强调。侧重变化与存在。

How have they changed through the years?
How have the technologies changed music through the years?

5.2.5 across over & through

146

Chapter 10 around / round, by, past

over
all around
all over
all across
about
on
roundabout

1. overview

2. around as a preposition of path: spatial meanings & metaphorical usages

2.1 go around go by / go past

俯视（如树）：

左： around 中： (all the way) around
右： by / past

2.2 go around go over / under

正视（如门把）：

over / ? around (all the way) around
(just) over

正视（如门把）：

under / ? around (all the way) around
(just) under

2.3 water flowing around a stone in a stream

俯视：

water flowing around a stone in a stream

2.4 walk around a lake & swim around a lake

around 未明示 subject 的 path 在 landmark 的外沿或内沿。

俯视：

左： They walked around the lake. 右： They swam around the lake.

2.5 turn / spin around ‘rotate, retrace your steps’

A lady spins around at the top of two escalators!
How we can know that the Earth spins around its own axis?

2.6 around ‘in all directions’

Look around you, at the birds and the lilies.

2.7 around for aimless movement about

Many students waste time fooling around.
Tired of waiting around for people who didn’t show up?
Lo and behold, he finally came around to my of thinking.

2.8 around for metaphorical circumvention

How to get around the problem of falling … exports. 丨绕过问题

get around to doing sth delay

走点儿弯路再去做……→没有立即去做→推迟

3. around as a preposition of place

3.1 around for literal surrounding

a ring around your finger
a ring [of scum] around the inside of the bathtub

3.2 (all) around ‘randomly scattered’ all over & all across

Heavy snow creates problems around the country.
senior centers all around the country

around 用于非环状大型水平面，不用于垂直或者三维物体。如果用，则表示在 landmark 的外围形成环状分布。

Snow all over the mountain. 丨大雪盖山
police all around the mountain. 丨警察围山

3.3 around ‘approximately’

There must be a party somewhere around here.
She’s around 60 years old.

3.4 around ‘concerning in a general sort of way’

talk around the issue instead of getting straight to the point

4. about

4.1 about‘s spatial meaning; about (a)round

about 以前=around，现在也有人当 around 用，比如北美。

The Earth and Moon both revolve about a common center of gravity.

4.2 about as a topic marker on, around, concerning, to, over

4.2.1 about, on, around, concerning

It’s a book about dogs. [‘conerning, regarding’]
It’s a book on dogs. [‘directly, perhaps exclusively, about’]
It’s a book around dogs. [‘about but not in a focused way’]

4.2.2 over ‘because of’

dispute over working hours >The landmark is more of a bone of contention than a topic.

4.2.3 speak of a topic

Her story speaks to the problem of gender invisibility.

现代用法。

4.3 about ~ ‘approximately’

与 aroun 相同，含义更原始。

5. roundabout

非直达的路线。

This is certainly a very roundabout way of …
someone in the area roundabout

6. time

6.1 around, about, & roundabout ‘approximately’

See you about / around 7 o’clock.
We were all roundabout 20 years old at the time. | rare

6.2 past ‘to and after’, ‘after’

All my mother’s cats live past 20 years of age.

half past 10 in the morning

６.3 by for times and events that have ‘approached’ us out of the future and continued on into the past

Life has passed me by.

6.4 by for times that we pass as we go into the future

Our belief is that peace is built hour by hour, day by day.

6.5 by day, by night

by day
by night
by moonlight
: 这些 landmark 是一种 means。类似用法：

got to school by bus

6.6 by ‘not after’

The work must be finished by May 1.

Chapter 11 by, near, past

near to
nearby
close (to)
next to
around

1. overview

by 平面

live by the sea

by 暗示相接触

Come sit by me.
stand by sb 丨支持

be 的 landmark：

① acts 和 accomplishment

by car
made by hand
clean by scrubbing

② agent, reason, cause

made by a robot
I’m delighted by you optimistic feelings.

③ rate of change

fall by 20% a year

④ deadline

The report must be finished by tomorrow.

near, 水平、垂直皆可 不用于动态

past， 多用于路径，而不是地点

2. by & its semantic cousins

2.1 by & near, close (to), next to

She’s standing by that tree over there.
She’s standing near that tree over there.
She’s standing close to that tree over there.
She’s standing next to that tree over there.

2.2 by ‘past’

go by / past

She needed to go by the bank and sign the paper.

2.3 by & past around

The comet’s orbit goes around the sun. 丨整个轨道
The comet goes by / past the sun. 丨轨道的局部

2.4 by, past & beyond

2.4.1 by vs past as preposition of path referring to ‘border’ and to ‘opening’ landmarks

I never go past the river.

go by go past

2.4.2 by & past as preposition of place: by ~ ‘near’ past ~ ‘beyond, on the other side of’

162

3. by: metaphorical, abstract & idiomatic meanings

3.1 by ‘incidental’ or ‘of secondary importance’

byproduct
by the way
byway 丨乡村小路

3.2 by for ‘means’ & ‘manner’ in, on, with

by means</u

Send it by surface mail.
Astronauts fix Hubble by hitting it.

with device</u

Smooth the surface with a knife.

3.3 by for rate & amount of change

The credit card industry is growing by leaps and bounds per annum.
The number of student complaints … rose by almost a quarter last year.

3.4 by in passive

I was bitten by a dog.
I was thrilled by the colours.

4. near, nearby & near to

4.1 near & nearby

near here
near there
= nearby

You can now easily find out what business are nearby.

nearby 作定语：

buying sweets at the nearby corner shop

4.2 near near to

near to 中的 to 大部分情况是多余的。需要保留的情形，landmark 为：

① 抽象名词

② 动名词

③ gerund clause

He ahd coome so near to winning.
The Prince and Princess of Wales are near to reaching an agreement to divorce.

5. close to ‘rather or very’

The tree is quite close to / near the garage.
It’s already quite close to / near Christmas.
: 空间、时间可以互换

That paint is close to the blue we want for the dining room.
Steve and his sister are very close to one another.
: 颜色、情感不可互换

near: near

close to: very near

6. time

6.1 next & next to near, close to

next to 和 near 特别是 close to 不可互换的情形：

① a subject can be near, or close to, a landmark without being next to it

next、close to 指的是物理距离的近。

next to 指的是序列的下一个。

② next to 的 subject 和 landmark 是否接触不明；而 close to，特别是 near 明示未接触。

③ near 和 close to 接近的方向上可以在360度范围，而 next to 不可用在垂直方向上

6.2 next to beside

beside: 不接触，非线性排列的 landmark

next to：线性排列的 landmark

例外：

buried next to each other 丨more frequent
buried beside each other
墓地的墓位整齐排列

7. additional metaphorical usages of near, close to & next to

He lay near / near to / close to death. 丨near to 不自然，因为 he 和 death 不是相似物。

next to 的正例：

Cleanliness is next to godliness.

8. time

8.1 near, around, about, round, close to, roundabout, close to ‘approximately’

It was getting
close to 50k hits
near to 4k hits
near 2.5k hits
around 3 hits
about 0 hits
Christmas.

8.2 next to

The day next to Christams day is called ‘boxing Day’.

Chapter 12 under, below

beneath
underneath
at / on the bottom (of)
in

1. overview

171

2. under below, underneath & beneath

2.1 under & below: basic spatial meaning

below: subject 和 landmark 不接触

under: subject 和 landmark 可接触、也可不接触

左： A black box under / below a white box.
右： A black box under / below a magic white one.

under: 正下方

below：可偏离

Twenty-five miles below / under / underneath / beneath Cologne is Dűsseldorf, also on the Rhine.

under 的非上下方向用法：

I always wear the same tank top under my uniform. 丨相对于【人的心脏】的位置，也是上下位置关系。

2.2 underneath and its kin

underneath 是 under 的加强版本。

underneath 表正下方；subject 被 landmark 覆盖或笼罩。

Nicole and I were nowhere to be found because we were underneath the table!!
Underneath her cool exterior, she is actually a very caring person.

2.3 beneath and its kin

Look for this special symbol beneath the campsite descriptions.
I was wearing a T-shirt beneath my shirt.
Beneath my polite façade, I was furious. 丨commonest

3. at / on the bottom of

Keep raw meat and fish at the bottom of your fridge.
Now I am back on the bottom rung of the ladder.

on the bottom of a container，也可在 container 的地面的外面。

at the bottom of 的比喻用法：

I saw that God was at the bottom of it all.

behind 也由此用法：

I knew that God was behind it all.

4. more about spatial under and its kin

4.1 under: ‘from one side of something to the other’

177

4.2 under ‘(more) thoroughly in’, in

in 在 landmark 的浅层。

There are termites in the walls.
There are zillions of pores in a person’s skin.

under 在 landmark 的深层。

fat cell under / beneath / underneath the skin

具化用法：

Sunglasses can help you see fish under the water.
Sunglasses can help you see fish under the surface the water. 丨更明确，更正式

5. metaphorical under

5.1 under: and the metaphor DOWN IS BAD, below

a. DOWN IS BAD

underperform
be underfed

b. DOWN IS LESS

under 12 years of age
under $20

c. RELATIVELY POWERLESS

under sb’s control
live under a reign of terror
go under the surgeon’s knife

below 不可代替 a 和 c 中的 under，因为 below 强调不接触。

Acturally he was below my radar until I went to our class reunion. escape sb’s notice

beneath sb’s notice 丨没注意到 landmark
under sb’s notice 丨注意到 landmark

5.2 under: the metaphor whereby a situation is a kind of covering, like a low sky

There’s no way I can work under these conditions. 丨压力和负面影响

5.3 underrate: the metaphor whereby unpleasant experience are burdens

under an obligation
under pressure
under attack

5.4 to be under something is to be hidden from view

an under the table payment
to do x under cover of darkness
undercover police officer 丨卧底警察
go underground 丨转入地下（党）

5.5 under: imageable idioms & lost metaphors

be under sail moving in motion

船帆大张，船体较小，大盖小。
be under sb’s nose be completely available to perception, obvious
be under sb’s thumb be under sb’s control

understand
undertake

6. metaphorical usages of below

6.1 below ~ ‘less than, less important, less good…’

Most people rank taxes somewhere below a visit to the dentist.

6.2 below ‘les than’

Russia is very cold with temperature below zero degree.

7. time

He stayed there for under (vs over) 10 years.

Year on year we have consistantly increased turnover.

北美： year by year
year after year 丨英国也用

Chapter 13 back, backward(s) on, forward, ahead

1. overview

2. back

2.1 back ‘in the opposite direction to the direction the Subject is facing’

He stepped back from the edge of the cliff, from the fifty-foot drop to the vast expanse of water.
India and Pakistan have stepped back from the brink of war.
Take time to step back from your work.

2.2 back ‘to or toward the place the Subject was before’

I’m hungry. Let’s go back to camp.

backtrack
bounce back
go back on your word 丨食言

3. backward(s)

3.1 backward(s): basic meaning & back, forward**

可表运动方向：

Henry took a step backwards [~ ‘back’]. He winced as if she had hit him.

但其基本含义为’the reverse of what is natural’.

A man bending over backwards. 丨脸和脚的面对方向相反。

I like to count out backwards from 10 to 1.
Protestant friends who seemed to know the Bible backward and froward.

3.2 backward(s): (semi)figurative usages

Start with the end in mind and work backward.
a career that’s goinnng backwards
They leaned over backwards to show respect for all things Welsh. a lot of trouble to please sb

3.3 the negative sense of backward as an adjective

backward-looking attitude
a backward step
backwark countries

In a backward(backwards) child often there are associated physical factors.

4. time

4.1 back / backward(s) in time

go back in time

Negative refraction makes light run backwards in time.

4.2 back ~ ‘to a later time’

back [backward(s)] 可表示把约定的时间往后推迟到更遥远的未来。

The date has been set back for completion of new ferry.

4.3 travel forward / ahead in time

travel forward / ahead [vs back] in time
put your clock forward / ahead [vs back] one hour

Chapter 14 at in , on, to, toward(s), by, near, with

1. overview

at 的空间含义模糊。

2. spatial meaning of at

2.1 at for zooming out; at for intersection & junction on

Someone on a street corner.
Someone at a street corner.

at 常用于【交叉点】和【连接处】。

2.2 at for points on a rout - way stations, ports of call, pause points, end points

at 用于路径中的一点：

We got off the ship at all ports.

或者终点：

We would arrive at the dance hall in a fairly excitable mood.

大型 landmark 的某个小部分：

Our flight from Islamabad to Manchester had a stopover at Dubai.

边界，前线，边缘等等：

A visit to Canada begins with a stop at customs.

拐点：

Make a right turn aat the first light.

半比喻用法：

I stopped at page 7.

2.3 at for points on a scale

scale 也可看做路径。

At sea-level water boils at about 100℃.

2.4 at for contact with (or extreme nearness to) edges, ends & extemities in general & near, by, close to, on

Left: a box at the edge of a roof.
Right: a box near (or by or close to) the edge of a roof

2.5 at for location in broad scope views

After receiving the waters of many tributaries, the Mississipi is at last joined at St Louis by…the might Missouri.

Wolfe’s victory at Quebec
the victory at Trafalgar
the defeat of the Avars at Osterhofen

2.6 at with hotels, restaurants, etc.

at the Ritz
at the Odeon
: 可能在酒店前面的大街上

in the hotel
in the restaurant
: 在具体的建筑物（有墙有顶）的内部

3. at: non-spatial meanings ( various other prepositions)

3.1 at as an expression of ‘typical activity-related connectioni’

There’s someone at the door. 丨要进屋或与室内人说话
A potted plant by the front door…could very easily be a surveillance camera. 丨仅仅表示位置关系，植物不会使用门

a perons working at a computer
people gathered at laden buffet table to collect food
sitting at table
a vicar who lives at the church

不确定的空间关系：

teacher who works at a school 丨可在教师，可在操场
a holiday at beach 丨可在水里游，可在沙上躺，可在室内玩

极端情况：

at sea
at war
at ease
at odds

3.2 at as an indicator of ‘focal point’

look at
gaze at
stare at
: 冷漠、客观

look to 丨温情
He looked past the shopping centre to the train station.

look on x have such and such an opinion of:

The Jewish side looked on [Josephus Flavius] as a traitor.

look on: on 不及物，表示 continued to look, look at length:

Shoppers…looked on in amazement as escapologist Steve Faulkner found his way out of a straitjacket.

look over: examine all sides of:

The gipsy looked the horse over, and then he looked Toad over with equal care.

3.3 at for indicating that the landmark is a target to for indicating it is a recipient

at target</u

laugh at sb
be mad at sb

to recipient</u

He waved at the flies gathering on my salad. 丨赶苍蝇
Chances are he’s waved to you with a sunny smile. 丨挥手致意

to destination</u

They shouted at us and threw stones. 丨怒吼
The harbourmaster shouted to us, and directed us to a place near the fishing boats. 丨呼喊

非攻击性动词，to 也比 at 温和：

blow a kiss to more common
blow a kiss at

但是：

smile at more common
smile to

be good at math

focus of activity

4. at, on & in in non-fixed phrasal expressions

verbs of perception at / on 丨动作由外向内作用于 landmark

look at
gaze at
look at
look on
gaze on
reflect on

verbs of contemplation and emotion in 丨着重参与

trust in
revel in
lost in thought

反例：

rely on
be fascinated by

4.2 emotion expressions such as : be delighted at / by, delight in

be delighted at 丨表示瞬时的感受
be delighted in 丨表示活动过程
be delighted by 丨表因果。含义可表示瞬时也可表示长时。

5. at in fixed, idiomatic expressions

at random
at large

6. time

用于时点：

at 10:55
at dawn
at noon

Chapter 15 against near, by, on, into, at

1. overview

2. the literal senses of against

2.1 ‘firm or forceful contact’

Lean it against the wall.
Put the chair against the wall.
Push against the wall.

2.2 against near & by: ‘contact’ ‘proximity’

左： The box on the left is against the wall.
右： The box on the right is near / by the wall.

against: 接触 near / by: 不接触

2.3 against & on

2.3.1 the question of direction

on: 作用力从上往下，由重力引起

against: 其他方向的力量

Use the spider grips to press up against the ceiling.

2.3.2 the question of support and attachment

on: The landmark supports the subject.

against: landmark 既不 attached to 也不 support the subject。

A mirror on / against a wall

2.3.3 the vividness of against

push against / on the door

Your friends may turn against / on you.

2.4 against regarding countervailing forces

Roman ships could not sail against the tide.

2.5 against into

against: subject 未进入 landmark

into: subject 已进入 landmark

NASA will crash a heavy rocket into the moon …

2.6 against at

They threw stones
against / 丨击中玻璃
at 丨是否击中不明
the glass.

3. abstract senses of against

3.1 against ‘in opposition to’ for

I wish to protest strongly against the proposed plan.

3.2 against offsets & trade-offs

You may also be able to offset losses against gains.

3.3 against ‘in exchange for’

His job was to secure a credit $50 million US against exports of Chinese tungsten.

3.4 against the background of …

‘Peasant woman against a background of wheat’ is a…painting by Vincent van Gogh.
This budget is presented against a background of a drought …

4. time

‘in readiness for’ 有备无患，以防不测

Both producers and consumers must pepare against the day when there is no more oil.
The Professor fixed up the room against any coming of the Vampire.

Chapter 16 up, down off, out

1. overview

2. up & down: basic spatial meanings

2.1 meaning of up & down in which perspective is not an issue

up 和 down 指直上直下，也可指斜上斜下

upstairs
downstairs

2.2 up & down: senses that depend on perspective

相对于视线的水平面，up 和 down 的效果不一样。

2.3 up & down for static scenes

be up from x be above / higher than x

be down from x be below / lower than x

Once the grass is up, start the mowing regimen.
The tree’s branches were too far up to reach.
While she is down by the river … , her slippers become wet.
There is a huge crack running up the side of the wall. 丨静态，常被脑补成动态

3. related spatial usages

3.1 up for horizontal approach

subject 在水平面上由远至近，视觉上越来越高，所以用 up 。

A man came up to me and told me that he liked my glasses.

up 用在垂直轴：

come up to standard
come up to scratch

3.2 up & down for long-distance travel where altitude is not a factor

英国：

UP IS MORE POWERFUL / MORE IMPORTANT.

DOWN IS LESS POWEFUL / LESS IMPORTANT.

I live in Wales and would happily travel up to London to see …
Gerald is later sent down from Cambridge for playing truant.

北美：

按照地图，上北下南。

I moved up to Chicago from the South.
Get down to New Orleans for Jazz Fest.

3.3 up & down for local travel where altitude is not a factor

We hiked up the trail toward the summit.
Get down that road toward the sea.

come up the street
go down the street

4. systemic metaphors expressed by up

4.1 up ‘more’

price tend to go up

up 表积累：

clock up a lot of mileage
build up your savings
store up fat

4.2 up ‘more important, better’

The young Sarkozy knew how to get up in the world.
The literary youth movement … was led by Arno Holz … and others who look up to Nietzsche.

4.3 up ‘active, functioning, in good condition’

wake up
get up
set up a company
keep up appearance

What are you up to?

4.4 perfective up: ‘completion’, ‘thoroughness’, ‘briskness’, ‘intensity’, ‘ease’

completion, thoroughness:

cut your finger
cut up the union

briskness:

drink up 丨干了杯中酒
call me up sometime 丨叫上我一起去

intensity:

Listen up.
She got worked up about her sister going to college and leaving her.

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4.5 up ‘in a good mood’

Want to feel up, not down, after reading a woman’s interest magazine?

4.6 up ‘into view / existence / public visibility’

metaphorical visibility:

up for sale
hold x up hold sb up to ridicule
show sb up expose sb’s fallibilities

metaphorical appearance:

turn up
If anything crops up, you have my number.
bring up a topic for discussion

creation:

think up
dream up
draw up a contract
conjure up
cook up a nice dinner

4.7 up for metaphorical approach

Bush owned up to having made some mistakes.

up: completion and approach
Microsoft believes it has to cosy up to the entertainment industry.

4.8 up ‘unresolved, undecided’

Everything’s up in the air at the moment – uncomfortable, unsettled.
Everything is still up for grabs at the next election; there is no clear winner.
Park delay could hold up road projects.

　4.9 up for disappearance

I gave up everything for my boyfriend.
My life had turned to ashes and my dreams went up in smoke.

4.10 up for acquisition and adoption

He took up his heavy cases and departed.
Our divers went into the water to fix the gates and came up with buried treasure.

dream up a plan
pick up a cold
take up a hobby
come up a solution

5. imageable idioms with up

We lost all our food when the house burned up. 丨灰飞烟灭

be laid up with a broken leg
put sb up to doing sth 丨怂恿做坏事
put up with sb 丨一床多人睡，需要忍耐

up: off the floor in a bed
put sb up 丨借宿几天

6. systemic metaphors expressed by down

a) DOWN IS LESS.

prices are down
numbers are down
turn down the volume
break the process down into smaller … pieces

b) DOWN IS LESS IMPORTANT, LOWER IS RANK, WORSE …

slip down the hierarchy
move down the social ladder
look down on sb

c) DOWN IS LESS ACTIVE, NOT IN FORCE.

calm / slow / settle / simmer down
water down the infield 丨抑制灰尘
the fire died down
be tied down by convention
be bogged down
the computer is down

d) DOWN IS IN A BAD MOOD.

feel / be / look down in the dumps
What a downer it was to … go to work on Monday!

e) DOWN IS SETTLED.

The deal is settled down.
Brazil and France have nailed down an agreement.

f) DOWN (FROM) as a converse of UP (TO)

Abe backed down from his earlier position that he would visit the Yasukuni Shrine.

down 在程度上，不极端。

The lake is drained down in the fall. 丨水少了，没干涸

有时，down 并不是 up 的反义。

turn down reject
turn up appear rather unexpectedly

6.1 down: negative figurative usages

a. rejection

turn down an offer
Latest planet definition proposal shot down in flames. 丨全盘否决
thumb down

b. subjection & oppression

put down a rebellion

c. decline in quality or circumstance

Things went downhill after I broke my wrist.
She came down in the world as a result of a relative’s misdoings.

d. emphatic disappearance

go down the drain / tube / plughole

6.2 down: additional neutral and positive figurative usages

6.2.1 down accessible

I think it’s sweet when a man offers to get something heavy down from the top shelf for me.
the precious values handed down to us through the generations

6.2.2 down ‘inactive’ in the positive sense of being fixed and secured

Batten down the hatches.
I do so badly want to be able to hold down a job.

6.2.3 down for attribution up

I would put his bad manner down to tiredness.
It’s up to Split Football Club to arrive here in two weeks’ time. If they don’t, it’s down to UEFA to decide what to do.

214

6.2.4 down for groundedness, earthiness, contact with reality, seriousness

I am a down to earth person who is family oriented.
Let’s go down and dirty, baby. 丨着手麻烦的工作
Let’s get down to work / business / the facts / brass tacks / the nitty gritty.

7. down in imageable idioms

give x the thumbs down reject

8. up & down: nuances & revealing contrasts

8.1 up & down for transitions

216

8.2 perfective up & down less

217

8.3 DOWN IS LESS OFF IS GONE & OUT IS GONE

Turn down the radio. 丨关低音量
Turn off the radio. 丨关掉收音机

A fire died down. 丨火势变小
A fire died off. 丨火灭了

8.4 up out & in

8.4.1 dry up dry out

8.4.2 give up give out & give in

give up 丨放弃财产，自身
give out 丨筋疲力【尽】
give in 丨inward collapse

9. time

9.1 up for metaphorical approach

9.1.1 up to ‘for as long as’, ‘until’

custom tattoos that last up to 3 weeks
They serve food up to 7-45pm. 丨until 更优

9.1.2 upcoming (events) coming up to Christmas

It’s coming up to 5 o’clock. 丨时间向我们走来
We’re coming up to Christmas. 丨我们走向圣诞节。

9.2 up (or down) to the bitter end / end of time

219

Chapter 17 of

off
with
at
in
about
fro
…

1. overview

220

of 的词源。

2. the integrative function of of ( with, at, in, about, from)

I was in the army rather than of it.

a photo of Canterbury 丨教堂本尊
a photo from Canterbury 丨可能是国王、教堂附近的花草树木

think of Socrates 丨哲学家本人
think about Socrates 丨哲学家的言论、著作、朋友

I have only heard of him. 丨知其名等有限信息
I have heard about him. 丨知道他的比较全面的信息

a day of mourning 丨应该 mourning 的一天，比如祖辈忌日
a day for mourning 丨适合 mourning 的一天，比如清明节

a wide range types of integration:

a. INSTRINSIC

the existence of x
the life of x
the essence of x
a distance of x miles
made of wood
the merry month of May

b. NEARLY INTRINSIC

a copy / image / twin of x
knowledge / an idea of x
the name of x
the source / origin / birth / beginning / death / end of x

c. PART - WHOLE

the eye of a storm
the meaning of a word
the gist of a problem
a day of infamy

d. PRODUCT - SOURCE

a product of France
a result of hard work

e. ACT(ION) - AGENT

the howling of dogs
an act of a fool

f. ACT(ION) - PATIENT

the delivery of the goods

g. SUBSET - SET

a kind / type / sort / variety / brand / make / breed of x

h. EXAMPLE - TYPE

a sample / specimen / piece / bit of tissue
a day of infamy

i. GOUP / AMOUNT / UNIT - ENTITIES / STUFF / EMOTION / ACTION

a herd of cows
a pair of shoes
a kilo of rice
a lot of time
a bit of patient

j. CONTENTS, FEATURES, DENIZENS - (NORMALLY) BOUNDED AREAS OR SPACE

the contents of a package
the rivers of France
the inhabitants of Berlin

3. of for possession

a. 拥有者是有灵的，【possessive of】和【Saxon genitive (s’)】的对比

灵性越少，越要用 of

the roof of our house 丨very natural
our house==’s== roof 丨less natural

b. of 表示 possessive，用于有灵的 landmark ，尤其是人和动物，文体更为正式

the x of y 可表 grandeur

The year of the Monkey
The Monkey’s Year

4. a friend of mine a friend to me

I have a friend who is like a brother to me.
I can’t imagine her trying to be a good friend to you while letting her child blatantly disrespect you right in front of her.

5. traces of the ancient, ‘separative’, spatial meaning of of

5.1 from as marginal or even acceptable substitute for of

extinct and fossilized meaning of of:

a. Do sth of your own free will.
b. That was kind / silly / stupid of you.
c. Die of a disease.
d. Be tired / ashamed / frightened of x
e. Take advantage of sb.
f. Take care of sb.
g. Take leave of someone.
h. Cure sb of a disease
i. What do you make of his strange behavior?

　5.2 of in expression of privation, ridding, emptying

不可以用 from 替代 of 的情形：

Three unidentified persons … robbed him of his money.
用 from 要改成：
Three unidentified persons … stole his money from him.

rid a dog of fleas
purge the Church of impurity
cleanse the soul of sin
empty the mind of negative thoughts

6. a giant of a man

My slob of a brother has no manners.
We had a whale of a time.
subject 和 landmark 合为一体。

7. time

7.1 of in American clock times

7.2 of for parts of units of time

half (of) a century
most of the week
a bit of your time

Chapter 18 with for, to, without, together, apart (from)

1. overview

描述 THING + APPURTENANCE, 比如 house + garage，两者合成的整体性不如 of。

2. with used to describe spatial scenes

2.1 with: its depictable meaning

with 的几何意义： The subject is near the landmark.

2.2 with: ‘proximity’ plus ‘co-classification’

I put the books out with the recyclable paper.
书中的纸也是拿来用做循环纸张用的

2.3 what is a natural lankmark for with?

Ann’s over there with Jane. | normal
Ann’s in her room with a book. | normal
Ann’s in the garden with a table. | odd
:
with 的 subject 和 landmark 可以互动。

3. with: additional types of ensemble

3.1 with: the subject is in some way super-ordinate to the landmark

3.1.1 subject is a whole + part, whole + feature

a car with a new motor 丨发动机在车内？不一定，要从上下文推断。如果没有上下文，根据常识推断在车内。

THING / PERSON + FEATURE:
a man with tattoo

3.1.2 the subject + appurtenance(s), the subject + possession(s)

a mansion with a swimming pool 丨两者可能相距很远，但是构成一个整体
a couple with two houses

3.1.3 subject is a location (place, container …) + contents

a park with lots of ponds
a cathedral with beautiful stained glass windows

3.1.4 AGENT + MATERIAL and AGENT + DEVICE ensembles

This job requires you to work with hot metal.
A man decided to pull out his own teeth with plies after failing to find an NHS dentist.

3.1.5 AGENT + ATTRIBUTE ensembles, where the attribute suggests a manner

speak with a lisp
speak with great force

3.1.6 PRODUCT + INGREDIENT ensembles (with from)

Each sandwich is made with lettuce and tomato. 丨原生
Armagnac is made from grapes of the Armagnac region. 丨经历了复杂的物理化学变化

3.1.7 ensembles of PERSON + TASK, PROBLEM, PROBLEMATIC PHENOMENON

Shall I help you with that?
Who is getting fed up with the snow?
With friends like these, who needs enemies?

3.2 with: ensembles in which the subject & landmark are relatively equal

3.2.1 with for accompaniment

She came in with him.
A herb loaf goes well with melon salad.

3.2.2 with for ‘co-operation’ against, for

You must work with colleagues to monitor the quality of your work.

Work with me. 丨平等合作
Work for me. 丨（下）支持（上）

3.2.3 talk / speak with talk / speak to

talk / speak to 丨单向，上下级
talk / speak with 丨双向，平等

3.2.4 with for ‘competition’

Quit arguing with each other.
Quit arguing against each other.
相同含义。

fight with
contend with
compete with
struggle with
dispute with

3.3 with: additional generalizations of the meaning ‘non-specific proximity’

3.3.1 the subject is likened to one object sitting with another object

The responsibility / All hope / Success or failure lies with you.
What’s the problem with my car?
We’re in line with our targets.
She’s pleased with her new hair cut / her success / how things have gone.

3.3.2 with ‘(as if) in the presence of’ → ‘in the case of’ ‘given’

With prisoners like these, defiant and dangerous, the only right question to ask is, What works?
With problems of this sort, you have got to think in terms of five- or ten-year periods.
With all my experience, you’d think I’d have some suggestions for dealing with this.
It’s different with us. We’ve got to make up in spirit what we lack in ability.

The place is swarming / teeming / crawling with Xs.

3.3.3 the landmark is a completed action likened to a possession

He stated he was tired of playing for people in black leather who never smiled and with that, he left the band.
With that said, he hanged-up the headset, got up and proceeded [to] walk.

4. the potential ambiguity of with

What are you going to do with all this money?
可能的意思：
① 这些钱，放家里还是存银行？
② 这些钱用来发展事业？
③ 财务自由了，今后日子怎么过？

5. with in idioms

catch up with sb
be through with x be finished with
get away with a crime
off with his head
put up with x tolerate

6.1 without: the converse of with some senses of ‘co-classification’ but not ‘proximity’; be / run out of something

236

6.2 the landmark is an action

He left without / with paying.

7. together & with

7.1 together as a substitute for with

She arrived with him.
They arrived together.

Millionns of women have put family and work together.

7.2 together as an emphasizer

Ideas for working together with parents.
Before you get back together with your ex boyfriend, consider these three things.
:
省略 together 显得 slightly less natural

8. apart (from)

apart (from) >=< together

9. time

9.1 with & wihtout

Strike … averted with only minutes to spare.
With the passage of time, Bill Gates is likely to be remembered as one of the world’s great philanthropist.

9.2 together & apart

Put the days together [~ ‘add them up’] and take out [~ ‘substract’] the waiting time.
These events happened a year apart.

Chapter 19 for to, of

1. overview

a. representation

‘Mizu’ is Japanese for ‘water’.
Take this for example.
→ substitution
X can substitute for y.
→ price, payment, compensation, thanks
You can have x for y Euros
payment for your time
I am grateful for …

b. intended recipient

This is for you.
→ intended destination
leave for work
→ aim, purpose, reason
aim for
look for
He lives for himself alone.
→ reason / cause
jump for joy
→ function
Pens are for writing with.
Patience is necessary for this work.
→ quality as related to a purpose
enough money for school

c. support

He’s for higher taxes.
→ choice
vote / opt for change

d. affecting the interests of condition of

X is good / bad for you.
→ object of concern
care for x
be responsible for x
→ object of emotion
love / hate sb for having done x
wish for x

e. appropriacy

This is a good / appropirate remedy for headaches.
→ relevance ~ ‘with regard to’
For my part, I’m going home.
You can drop dead for all I care.
→ for … to
What I wanted is for you to leave.

f. attitude

take sb for granted
take something for certain / sure

g. indicating a distance

run for a mile
→ indicating a length of time
run for 8 minutes
forever

h. indicating an occasion in a series

I’m here for the 2nd time.

i. in relation to a norm

For a woman of 90, she’s very active.

2. a thumbnail semantic history of for

240

3. for to: focus on intention focus on end / destination

European emigrants were heading across the Plains bound for the West.
New medical teams leaving for Haiti.
Titanic iceberg headed for Australia.

4. for‘s implication of ‘benefit’ and ‘support’ to & against

I did it for him.
I did it to him. 丨The implication is negative, harm, damage, at least ill will.

She was for Obama.
She was against Obama.

5. variations on the notion of ear-marking

5.1 for for ‘correspondence’

This is the shoe for that foot.
What’s the word for ‘cow’ in German?

5.2 for ‘on account of’

He apologized for being late.
He has a reputation for doing things right.
He gave me a present for my birthday.
They should do it for our sake.
I was elated for I had succeeded.

5.3 for: for the reverse of ‘on account of’; for of

Adultery is grounds for divorce.
She had good cause for her action.
Is there such a thing as evidence for the supernatural?
The landmark is often cast as a desired result.
NOUN for RESULT
a plan / proposal / design / plan for a better future
NOUN for DESIRED RESULT
ask / beg / plead / petition / vote / apply / for x
ADJECTIVE for (DESIRED) RESULT
(un)fit / (un)suitable / (un)ready for x

5.4 for for ‘function’ to for ‘purpose’

These chairs are for sitting on and not just for admiring.
We sat down to rest.

5.5 for ‘as’

Do you take me for a fool? Do you think of me as a fool?
I was almost shot for a moose.
He takes you for granted.
Take this for example.

5.6 the complementizer for … to

All I want was for him to see me.
That is for him to decide.

It’s difficult for me to cook a decent pancake.
Cooking a decent pancake is difficult for me.

6. idiomatic usages of for

6.1 for for distance

We walked for miles.

6.2 for in hedges ( assertion qualifiers)

My daughter reads very well for her age.

6.3 for in fixed idioms

for sure / certain / real
take x for granted
once and for all
for good (~ ‘forever’) =< for good and all time
for all the world
She looked for all the world like a movie star. 丨谁看她都像个电影明星。

7. time

7.1 for & in when the landmark is a length of time

Let’s stay here for a week.
A baby flamingo has been born at Harewood House — the first for 20 years.

7.2 getting of for / toward [clock time]

It’s getting on for noon.
That data is getting on for twelve months old.

7.3 come at x o’clock for y o’clock

When invited to dinner, guests are usually asked to come at “7:30 for 8:30”.

7.4 for the nth time

I’m telling you for the last time, don’t do that!

Chapter 20 to with, for, against

1. overview

2. metaphorical usages of to

2.1 to for metaphorical giving / sending, whether actual, potential or just intended

Transmit (forward…) this message to all our branches.
These places have been allotted / assigned to new students.
I had the sauna all to myself (literally) for a good half hour an it is bliss!

2.2 to for metaphorical pointing

draw / attract sb’s attention to
refer to x

2.3 connect / correspond connect / correspond with, and similar expressions

to: 主次
with: 平等

connect to WiFi
connect with local business
The Arabic numeral on the left corresponds to the Roman numeral on the right. 丨视线被从左往右引导
The weather forecast says the odds are ~ five to one against rain.

2.4 belong to belong with, stake a claim to, the key to the door.

Thing X belongs to Person Y.
Person Y: 主
Thing X: 次
In a library, Dickens belongs with Hardy and Austen.
Chilean workers stake a claim to mine profits.
Quotes mistakenly attributed to Shakespeare.

2.5 to for

I can’t find the key for that door. 丨亦可
I can’t find the key to that door. 丨多倍频
The scowl was appropriate for a man who cherished his privacy. 丨侧重 a man
…a level of respect appropriate to a man who had sacrificed everything. 丨侧重对等

2.6 to for metaphorical presentation; against as a vivid, negative option

It appears / seems / looks / sounds / feels / tastes to me …
It was
news /
a surprise /
a mystery /
plain /
familiar /
known /
new /
credible
to me that …
National parks: accessible to everyone.
These sessions are open to all members.
It was only in dreams that Heaven’s door was closed to us.
Threatened with prosecution by the police as vagrants, every door was closed against us. 丨强调形式

2.7 vulnerable to & similar expressions

Your Wi-Fi is vulnerable to attack.
World’s electrical grids open to attack.
Use a … mascara that is not prone to flaking. 丨to 用作路径。

2.8 to & toward(s) for metaphysical orientation

Ladies and Gentlemen! A toast to the Queen.
Let’s drink to the death of regret.
You have been a perennial thorn in the side to John Major.
:
不可用 toward(s) 代替，因为：
to: 目标具体
toward(s): 大致方向

2.9 to for after words such as helpful and appropriateWas this information helpful to you? 丨20倍频

Was this information helpful for you? 丨1倍频
appropriate for 丨2倍频
appropriate to 丨1倍频
Mark the boxes that are appropriate to your sex and age division.
… a course of action that’s totally appropriate for a very conservative investor.

2.10 idiomatic uses of to

There’s nothing to the rumors that Lebron and Davis were feuding.
After what happened to that poor woman, you would think she would just want to give up.

3. VERB + TO + VERB constructions

I want to succeed.
类似，landmark 为目标。
This train goes to Paris.

stop to smoke
stop smoking
中的 to 和 -ing 选择的经验规则：
① 第二个动词为目标，用 to
② 两个动词的前后位置和时间顺序一致，用 to

3.1 with to

Let’s try to lose weight.
We failed to win.
She stopped (in order) to smoke a cigarette and then carried on.
He remembered to bring his credit card.
He forgot to bring his credit card.
Would you like to come?
I regret to say that …
I look forward to hearing from you …

3.2 with -ing not to

3.3 interesting cases