| 操作符 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| and | 与,需要同时满足where子句中的条件 |
| or | 或,只需要匹配多个where子句中的一个条件 |
| in | 用于指定where子句查询的范围 |
| not | 非,一般与in、between and、exists一起使用,表示取反 |
操作符使用
数据准备
SET NAMES utf8mb4;SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;-- ------------------------------ Table structure for user-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;CREATE TABLE `user` (`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',`name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT '用户名',`age` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '年龄',`sex` smallint(6) NOT NULL COMMENT '性别',PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 8 CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;-- ------------------------------ Records of user-- ----------------------------INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (1, '李子捌', 18, 1);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (2, '张三', 22, 1);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (3, '李四', 38, 1);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (4, '王五', 25, 1);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (5, '六麻子', 13, 0);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (6, '田七', 37, 1);INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (7, '谢礼', 18, 0);SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
mysql> select * from user;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
and操作符
查询年龄=18 并且 性别为男的用户(注意:sex=1代表男性)?
mysql> select * from user where age = 18 and sex =1;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
or操作符
or只需要满足多个where条件中的一个即可,条件之间是’或’。
查询年龄=18 或者 性别为男的用户(注意:sex=1代表男性)?
mysql> select * from user where age = 18 or sex =1;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
in操作符
in操作符用于指定where子句的查询范围。’包含’的意思,可以用多个or操作符来实现。
查询name等于张三、李四、王五的用户信息?
mysql> select * from user where name in ('张三', '李四', '王五');
+----+------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+------+-----+-----+
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
+----+------+-----+-----+
not操作符
查询某个值不在什么范围之内、不存在,可以使用not操作符,not操作符不单独使用,它经常和in操作符、like操作符、between and、exists等一起使用。
not in:查询姓名不等于张三、李四、王五的用户信息?
mysql> select * from user where name not in ('张三', '李四', '王五');
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
not like:查询姓名不是以李子开头的用户?
mysql> select * from user where name not like '李子%';
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
not between and:查询年龄不属于20 - 30之间的用户?
mysql> select * from user where age not between 20 and 30;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
not exists
与exists用法一致,用于判断当前where子句的结果是否应该返回。not exists 和 exists作用于一个子查询,向上级返回true和false;
示例语法:
SELECT … FROM table WHERE EXISTS (sub query)
SELECT … FROM table WHERE NOT EXISTS (sub query)
数据准备
SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for order
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `order`;
CREATE TABLE `order` (
`id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
`number` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT '订单号',
`user_id` bigint(20) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
`price` decimal(10, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '金额',
`create_date` datetime(0) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '创建日期',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of order
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `order` VALUES (1, 'DD-20211110-000001', 1, 250.00, '2021-11-10 22:37:19');
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
mysql> select * from `order`;
+----+--------------------+---------+--------+---------------------+
| id | number | user_id | price | create_date |
+----+--------------------+---------+--------+---------------------+
| 1 | DD-20211110-000001 | 1 | 250.00 | 2021-11-10 22:37:19 |
+----+--------------------+---------+--------+---------------------+
exists:查询已下单的用户信息?
mysql> select * from user where exists(select id from `order` where user_id = user.id);
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
not exists:查询已未单的用户信息?
mysql> select * from user where not exists (select id from `order` where user_id = user.id);
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 谢礼 | 18 | 0 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
操作符顺序
这是因为and的优先级比or高
查询用户表中,年龄大于20岁或者性别为男,并且姓名不等于张三的用户?
mysql> select * from user where age > 20 or sex = 1 and name != '张三';
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 2 | 张三 | 22 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
注:SQL解析器把上面的SQL解析成sex = 1 and name != ‘张三’ or age > 20 ;出现了张三,需使用括号解决。
mysql> select * from user where (age > 20 or sex = 1) and name != '张三';
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
distinct
查询列值不重复的数据,使用distinct关键字去重。
获取user表中的用户有哪些年龄。使用distinct关键字,应用于需要去重的列前面。
mysql> select distinct age from user;
注:distinct关键字去重会作用于所有的字段,如果distinct关键字后面跟了多个字段,那么多个字段的值都不相等才算不重复。
mysql> select distinct age,name from user;
+-----+--------+
| age | name |
+-----+--------+
| 18 | 李子捌 |
| 22 | 张三 |
| 38 | 李四 |
| 25 | 王五 |
| 13 | 六麻子 |
| 37 | 田七 |
| 18 | 谢礼 |
+-----+--------+
出现两个18,因为没有满足多个字段都不同条件。
limit
使用limit关键字限制返回的行。limit的取值需大于等于0的整数 ,如果传入负数和小数会报错。
mysql> select * from user limit 0;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from user limit 1;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 1 | 李子捌 | 18 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
limit可以跟两个参数分别表示起始值和结束值,闭区间(包含起始值和结束值)。如果跟一个参数,则表示结束值,起始值默认为0。
limit 2, 4表示查询第三条数据到第五条数据,其行号为2到4。
mysql> select * from user limit 2, 4;
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| id | name | age | sex |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
| 3 | 李四 | 38 | 1 |
| 4 | 王五 | 25 | 1 |
| 5 | 六麻子 | 13 | 0 |
| 6 | 田七 | 37 | 1 |
+----+--------+-----+-----+
