render

这里先分析开发中手写render函数是如何转成Virtual Dom(虚拟Node)。
Vue的_render方法是实例的私有方法，它用来把实例渲染成虚拟Node。它的定义在src/core/instance/render.js 文件中：

Vue.prototype._render = function (): VNode {
  const vm: Component = this
  const { render, _parentVnode } = vm.$options
  // reset _rendered flag on slots for duplicate slot check
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    for (const key in vm.$slots) {
      // $flow-disable-line
      vm.$slots[key]._rendered = false
    }
  }
  if (_parentVnode) {
    vm.$scopedSlots = _parentVnode.data.scopedSlots || emptyObject
  }
  // set parent vnode. this allows render functions to have access
  // to the data on the placeholder node.
  vm.$vnode = _parentVnode
  // render self
  let vnode
  try {
    vnode = render.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement)
  } catch (e) {
    handleError(e, vm, `render`)
    // return error render result,
    // or previous vnode to prevent render error causing blank component
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (vm.$options.renderError) {
        try {
          vnode = vm.$options.renderError.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement, e)
        } catch (e) {
          handleError(e, vm, `renderError`)
          vnode = vm._vnode
        }
      } else {
        vnode = vm._vnode
      }
    } else {
      vnode = vm._vnode
    }
  }
  // return empty vnode in case the render function errored out
  if (!(vnode instanceof VNode)) {
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && Array.isArray(vnode)) {
      warn(
        'Multiple root nodes returned from render function. Render function ' +
        'should return a single root node.',
        vm
      )
    }
    vnode = createEmptyVNode()
  }
  // set parent
  vnode.parent = _parentVnode
  return vnode
}