2.1 简单句与名词从句

名词或名词短语主要充当四种句子成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。充当名词作用的句子有三类：陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句

2.1.1 that+陈述句

  • that English is important is an undoubted fact

That 后面紧接的句子是要作为另一个句子的某种成分使用的。上句如果没有that，会出现两个谓语，不能判断哪个谓语是主要的。

宾语从句的that可以省略，主语、表语和同位语从句则不能省略。

2.1.2 一般疑问句

一、用whether或if引导

需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序，并在句首加上whether或if （if只用在宾语从句中）来引导，以保留原句的疑问意义。

  • will he come to my party?

  • Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.

    二、 if还是whether

    1、whether可以引导所有名词从句，if只用在宾语从句中
    2、if 不和 or not 直接连用

    2.1.3 特殊疑问句

    一、变倒装语序为陈述语序

    先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序，然后分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语等四种成分

  • Why did dinosaurs become extinct?

  • Why dinosaours extinct is still a mystery.

    二、特殊疑问词作主语，无需调整句子语序

    需要注意的是，如果特殊疑问词在句中作主语，则特殊疑问句无需调整语序而直接作成分，因为此时的问句即是一个陈述句语序。

  • Who will chair the meeting?

  • Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided.

    2.1.4 引导名词从句的连接词

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    2.2 简单句与主语从句

    2.2.1 陈述句作主语

  • That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.

  • That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.

对于陈述句作主语，更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语从句放在句末

  • It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished.

  • It is common knowledge that the moon itself doesnot give off light.

    一、It is +过去分词+that从句

    It’s reported that…（据报道……）
    believed 、generally thought、noted、found、said、expected

    二、It is +形容词+that从句

    It is clear that…（显然……）
    possible、likely、natural、certain、strange、necessary

  • It is true that English is becoming an internationallanguage.

    三、It is +名词短语+that从句

    It is a pity that…（可惜的是……）
    a fact、good news、no wonder、a shame、belief

  • It is common knowledge that a flash of lightning isseen before a clap of thunder is heard.

    2.2.2 一般疑问句作主语

    一般疑问句作主语时，要把一般疑问句变成陈述句，并且用whether来引导，然后充当句子的主语，即构成主语从句。

  • Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me

    2.2.3 特殊疑问句作主语

  • What we need is wholly new kind of police force.

  • How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.

    2.3 简单句与宾语从句

    2.3.1 陈述句作宾语

  • I think （that） a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.

只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去（在不影响对句意的理解的情况下），而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that一般不能省去。

2.3.2 一般疑问句作宾语

  • No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise.
  • I don’t know if / whether he needs my help.

只有宾语从句才可以用if引导，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句一般都要用whether引导。

2.3.3 特殊疑问句作宾语

把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句
（1）直接跟在动词后作宾语

  • I have not decided whom I should vote for.
  • No one knows exactly how speech began.

（2）做双宾语动词的直接宾语或间接宾语

  • Could you tell me where the post office is?（直接）
  • They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.（间接）

（3）放在介词后

  • You should vote for which candidate you assume best.

    2.4 简单句与表语从句

    2.4.1 陈述句做表语

  • My idea is that the child should be sent to school.

    2.4.2 一般疑问句做表语

  • My concern is whether he comes or not.

    2.4.3 特殊疑问句做表语

  • Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative.Change is what keeps us from getting stale. Change is what keeps us young.

    2.5 简单句与同位语从句

    2.5.1 陈述句作同位语

    所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。被补充说明的名词，叫作先行词。所以，同位语从句都位于一个名词的后面，便构成了“名词+连词+同位语从句”这样的结构

    2.5.1 陈述句做同位语

  • The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

  • The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to beuntrue.
  • They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.

  • Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti⁃Nazi activities.

    2.5.2 一般疑问句作同位语

    把“whether +陈述句”这一结构放在同位语地位置即构成同位语从句

  • They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.

    2.5.3 特殊疑问句作同位语

    把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在同位语的位置即构成同位语从句

  • There arose the question where we could get the loan