一般来讲，英语中的状语从句有九大类，分别可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。

4.1 时间状语

4.1.1 时间连词when的用法特点

一般来讲，when的意思相当于at that time（在……时刻），因此从句的谓语动词通常是短暂动词，表示某一时刻的动作。不过，when引导的从句也可接延续动词（continuous verb），这时从句往往用过去进行时态，表示某一时间段内发生的动作。

一、主句一般过去时+从句一般过去时

• I started my dinner when he left. 他走了之后，我才开始吃晚饭。
• He left when I got there. 我到了以后，他才离开。

若主从句都用一般过去时，则表示从句动作先发生。

二、主句一般过去时+从句过去完成时

• I started my dinner when he had left.
• He left when I had got there.

过去完成时，更强调了从句动作先发生

在表示过去的动作中，when引导的从句还有一个重要的时态搭配，即一般过去时（simple past）与过去进行时（past continuous）搭配。此时的时态搭配与主句、从句没有关系，而只与动作的长短有关系。短暂动作用一般过去时，延续动作用过去进行时。

三、一般过去式+过去进行时的搭配

1. 主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时

• The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.门铃响的时候，我正在打电话。

这里的短暂动作rang用一般过去时，延续动作telephone用过去进行时。

2. 主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时

• I was telephoning when the doorbell rang. 我当时正在打电话，突然门铃响了。

此时when的意思发生了改变，即由during the time（当……时候）变成了at the time（正在那时）。这时when强调某个短暂动作突然发生，所以可以在when引导的从句中添加suddenly一词。

• I was telephoning when suddenly the doorbell rang.

比较三和一

• I was telephoning Harry when she arrived. （打电话先发生）
• I telephoned Harry when she arrived. （arrive先发生）

3. 主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时

在表示将来的动作时，主句显然要用一般将来时（simplefuture），而时间从句要用一般现在时（simple present）表示将来，不能使用将来时态。

• I’ll speak to him when he arrives.

4.1.2 时间连词while的用法特点

当while用作时间连词时，意思相当于during that time（在……期间），表示某一时间段内发生的动作。因此，从句的谓语动词通常接延续动词。
而when 从句也可接延续动词，这时从句往往用过去进行时态

• The phone rang while I was taking my bath.

4.1.3 时间连词until的用法特点

第一、until既可以用作介词也可以作为连词，所以until的后面可以接名词短语也可以接时间从句。
第二、until前面的主句或句子的谓语必须是延续性的，而until后面接的从句的谓语须是短暂性动词或接时间点。
1、作为连词引导从句时的句型：主句的延续动词+ until +从句的短暂动词；
2、作为介词接名词短语的句型：延续动词+ until +时间点（不是时间段）

一、延续动词+until +短暂动词或时间点

当主句或句子的谓语动词是延续动词时，通常用肯定形式。until的后面若接从句，则从句的谓语必定是短暂动词，或者接表示时间点（point of time）的名词短语。
Wait until he comes back. （wait的动作持续到他来了）

• We’ll stay here until it stops raining.（作连词）

• I will be away from my office until next Tuesday.（作介词）

  二、短暂动词+until+短暂动词或时间点

  若主句或句子的谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式。因为否定之后表示的是一个状态，而状态则是延续的，这就是我们常说的not…until（直到……才）的结构

• He didn’t leave the office until his boss came back.

• Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.

  4.1.4 表示“一……就”的结构

  有一些时间连词用来表达主句的动作和从句的动作相继发生，此时，主句和从句的谓语都是短暂动词。

  一、从句动作先于主句动作

  as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly和instantly等
  这些连词的用法和句式结构是一样的，主从句时态一般一致。比如若表示将来的动作，则主句用一般将来时（simple future），从句用一般现在时（simplepresent）表示将来。

• We will leave as soon as it stops raining. 雨一停，我们就动身

二、主句动作先于从句动作

hardly…when,scarcely…when和no sooner…than
主从句时态一般也不一致。他们一般多用来表示过去的动作，此时，主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。可与as soon as等从句、主句互换。

• No sooner had I arrived home than it began torain.

• It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.

  4.2 地点状语从句

  地点状语从句通常是由where引导，用来表达主句的动作发生的场所。其结构通常就是“where+陈述句”，从句可以放在句首或句末。

• Stay where you are. 呆在原处别动。

地点状语从句若放在句首，在翻译时往往失去地点的含义，要灵活处理

• Where there is Love, there is also Wealth andSuccess! 只要有爱，就会有成功和财富！

4.3 原因状语从句

4.3.1 常见连词的用法

• 常用because, for, as和since这四个连词来引导原因状语从句。他们的意义和用法不完全相同。
  • 在这四个连词中，because的语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或最感兴趣的；也只有because才能被强调词如only, just和perhaps等来修饰。

• Perhaps because most of today’s cross⁃cultural marriages occur because of “true love”, these coupleswork hard to overcome their differences.

• [x] 连词since表示人们已知的事实，是不需强调的原因，所以常译成“既然”，通常放在句首。

• Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.

• [x] 连词as与since的用法差不多，所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显

• As Monday is a national holiday, all governmentoffices will be closed.

• [x] 连词for表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明。

• It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

4.3.2 用介词表示因果关系

常用的介词有：because of, due to和owing to。因为是介词，所以其后面不能接从句。
We had an accident because he was careless. （从句）
We had an accident due to his carelessness. （名词短语）

4.1 B D C A A D
4.2 b c b
4.3 B C C A C D

4.4 目的状语从句

常用的引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that和that。另外，在目的状语从句中常含有情态动词，比如may/might或can/could等
I spoke slowly and clearly so that/in order that theaudience could understand me.
We climbed high （so） that we might get a betterview.

4.5 结果状语从句

结果状语从句都要放在主句之后，而不能提到句首。

4.5.1 常见连词的用法

一、连词so…that的用法

多数结果状语从句是由so…that引导的，这里so的后面接形容词或副词。

• The food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight. (接形容词)

• He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.

  二、连词such…that的用法

  可以用such…that来引导结果状语从句，此时such的后面要接名词。

• Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.

  4.5.2 结果状语从句的倒装

  such / so…that引导结果状语从句，为了强调，还可以将主句中的so或such引导的部分置于句首从而构成倒装结构。
  So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us toimagine its speed.

4.6 条件状语从句

本节主要分析真实条件句，而非真实条件句将在第七章“虚拟语气”中讨论

4.6.1 常见连词的用法

最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”, unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。

• Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they’ll love you back. Don’t expect love in return,just wait for it to grow in their heart, but if it doesn’t be glad it grew in yours.

  4.6.2 其他条件状语从句的连词

  suppose （that）,supposing （that）, providing/provided （that）, so long as, as long as和on condition that等。

• A man is not old as long as he is seeking something.A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.

4.7 让步状语从句

4.7.1 常见连词的用法

常见的引导让步状语从句的词有though, although, eventhough和even if，此时，主句前不可用but，但可用yet或still。
Although he tried hard, （yet /still） he failed. 尽管他努力了，但他还是失败了。

4.7.2 表示让步转折关系的介词

还可以用介词来表示让步转折关系。这些介词主要有despite, in spite of和for all。

• although和though是连词，因此后面只接从句（有时是省略形式的从句），而这里的介词只接名词（短语），不能接从句
  • Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
  • In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.

介词后面除了接名词短语外，还可以接what引导的名词从句。

• Despite what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.

  4.7.3 置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”

• While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self⁃expression.

4.7.4 as 引导的倒装句表示让步

一、形容词提置句首

• Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.

• Oldest in our workshop as he is, he works hardest.

  二、副词提置句首

• Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him.

  三、分词提置句首

• Praised as he was, he remained modest

  四、名词提置句首

• Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.

这里的as可以替换为that或though，尽管较少这样使用。

• Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

宇宙膨胀理论虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家十几年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。

4.8 比较状语从句

4.8.1 连词as 的基本用法

as引导比较状语从句，其基本结构是as…as，这里前一个as是副词，而后一个as才是比较状语从句的连词。

一、结构1： as+形容词或副词+as

The work is not as difficult as you think.

二、结构2：as+形容词+a（n）+可数名词单数+as

注意形容词置于不定冠词之前

• Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social, economic, andcultural development as the growth of electronics.

  三、在否定句中第一个as可用so代替

• This room is not so large as the one we saw yesterday.

  四、为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构

  此时的结构是“as…as +助动词+主语”

• Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.

  4.8.2 连词than的基本用法

  一、可比性问题

  两个同类事物才能比较

• The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North

  二、比较形式问题

  在有than的比较句子里，主句中必须有比较级形式出现。

• There are few electronic applications more likely to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.

  三、为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用全部或部分倒装

  此时的结构是：than +助动词+主语。
  On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

  4.8.3 表示倍数比较的三种句型结构

  除了用than和as来对两个事物进行比较外，还可以用times和twice等词来说明两事物之间的倍数关系。

• [x] “倍数+比较级”结构：A is three times bigger than B

• it had a market eight times larger than any competitor
• “倍数+ as…as”结构：A is three times as big as B
• among 70⁃year⁃olds there are twice as many women as men.
• “倍数+名词”结构：A is three times the size of B

• According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since1997 at twice the rate of overall health⁃care spending.

  4.8.4 the more…, the more句型结构

  正确使用这个句型的关键在于，要知道这里的比较级部分都须在各自的分句中充当一定的成分，换句话说，相当于是将分句中的某个成分变为比较级之后提到了句首。
  从结构上来看，这个句型的前半部分是从句，后半部分是主句，即“the+比较级（从句）, the+比较级（主句）”
  【比较】

• The more exact you use your words, the easier people will understand you (×)

• The more exactly you use your words, the more easily people will understand you. （√）副词修饰动词，作方式状语
• The more exact your words are, the easier it is for people to understand you （√）作表语

• The more exact words you use, the more easily people will understand you. （√）作宾语；作方式状语

• Aging is a part of life, and it can be an exciting and rewarding part. It has been said that aging is like climbing a mountain: the higher you get, the more tired and breathless you become, but the view becomes much more extensive.

  4.9 方式状语从句

  方式状语从句表示动作的方式，引导词有：as, like, as if, as though和the way等。
  He looks as though/as if he is an actor.
  When in Rome, do as the Romans do.