Result 与可恢复的错误

enum Result<T, E> {
    Ok(T),
    Err(E),
}

use std::fs::File;
fn main() {
    let f = File::open("hello.txt");
    let f = match f {
        Ok(file) => file,
        Err(error) => panic!("Problem opening the file: {:?}", error),
    };
}

匹配不同的错误

use std::fs::File;
use std::io::ErrorKind;
fn main() {
    let f = File::open("hello.txt");
    let f = match f {
        Ok(file) => file,
        Err(error) => match error.kind() {
            ErrorKind::NotFound => match File::create("hello.txt") {
                Ok(fc) => fc,
                Err(e) => panic!("Problem creating the file: {:?}", e),
            },
            other_error => {
                panic!("Problem opening the file: {:?}", other_error)
            }
        },
    };
}

失败时 panic 的简写：unwrap 和 expect

unwrap：如果 Result 值是成员 Ok，unwrap 会返回 Ok 中的值。如果 Result 是成员 Err，unwrap 会为我们调用 panic!。

use std::fs::File;
fn main() {
    let f = File::open("hello.txt").unwrap();
}
thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Error {
repr: Os { code: 2, message: "No such file or directory" } }',
src/libcore/result.rs:906:4

expect：指定错误信息

use std::fs::File;
fn main() {
    let f = File::open("hello.txt").expect("Failed to open hello.txt");
}

传播错误

传播错误：可以选择让调用者知道这个错误并决定该如何处理

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, Read};
fn read_username_from_file() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
    let f = File::open("hello.txt");
    let mut f = match f {
        Ok(file) => file,
        Err(e) => return Err(e),
    };
    let mut s = String::new();
    match f.read_to_string(&mut s) {
        Ok(_) => Ok(s),
        Err(e) => Err(e),
    }
}
}

传播错误的简写：？运算符

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, Read};
fn read_username_from_file() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
    let mut f = File::open("hello.txt")?;
    let mut s = String::new();
    f.read_to_string(&mut s)?;
    Ok(s)
}
}

? 运算符所使用的错误值被传递给了 from 函数，它定义于标准库的 From trait 中，其用来将错误从一种类型转换为另一种类型。当 ? 运算符调用 from 函数时，收到的错误类型被转换为由当前函数返回类型所指定的错误类型。

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, Read};
fn read_username_from_file() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
    let mut s = String::new();
    File::open("hello.txt")?.read_to_string(&mut s)?;
    Ok(s)
}
}

最简单的写法

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::fs;
use std::io;
fn read_username_from_file() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
    fs::read_to_string("hello.txt")
}
}

Rust 提供了名为 fs::read_to_string 的函数，它会打开文件、新建一个 String、读取文件的内容，并将内容放入 String，接着返回它。