神经网络 - 《PyTorch 1.0 中文文档帮助手册教程》

神经网络

神经网络可以通过 torch.nn 包来构建。

现在对于自动梯度(autograd)有一些了解，神经网络是基于自动梯度 (autograd)来定义一些模型。一个 nn.Module 包括层和一个方法 forward(input) 它会返回输出(output)。

例如，看一下数字图片识别的网络：

神经网络 - 图1

这是一个简单的前馈神经网络，它接收输入，让输入一个接着一个的通过一些层，最后给出输出。

一个典型的神经网络训练过程包括以下几点：

1.定义一个包含可训练参数的神经网络

2.迭代整个输入

3.通过神经网络处理输入

4.计算损失(loss)

5.反向传播梯度到神经网络的参数

6.更新网络的参数，典型的用一个简单的更新方法：weight = weight - learning_rate *gradient

定义神经网络

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class Net(nn.Module):
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Net</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="c1"># 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 5x5 square convolution</span>
    <span class="c1"># kernel</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="c1"># an affine operation: y = Wx + b</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Linear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Linear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">84</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Linear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">84</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># Max pooling over a (2, 2) window</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max_pool2d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="c1"># If the size is a square you can only specify a single number</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max_pool2d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">num_flat_features</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">num_flat_features</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>  <span class="c1"># all dimensions except the batch dimension</span>
    <span class="n">num_features</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">num_features</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">s</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">num_features</span>
net = Net()
print(net)

输出：

Net(
  (conv1): Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (conv2): Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
  (fc1): Linear(in_features=400, out_features=120, bias=True)
  (fc2): Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84, bias=True)
  (fc3): Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10, bias=True)
)

你刚定义了一个前馈函数，然后反向传播函数被自动通过 autograd 定义了。你可以使用任何张量操作在前馈函数上。

一个模型可训练的参数可以通过调用 net.parameters() 返回：

params = list(net.parameters())
print(len(params))
print(params[0].size())  # conv1’s .weight

输出：

10
torch.Size([6, 1, 5, 5])

让我们尝试随机生成一个 32x32 的输入。注意：期望的输入维度是 32x32 。为了使用这个网络在 MNIST 数据及上，你需要把数据集中的图片维度修改为 32x32。

input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32)
out = net(input)
print(out)

输出：

tensor([[-0.0233,  0.0159, -0.0249,  0.1413,  0.0663,  0.0297, -0.0940, -0.0135,
          0.1003, -0.0559]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward>)

把所有参数梯度缓存器置零，用随机的梯度来反向传播

net.zero_grad()
out.backward(torch.randn(1, 10))

在继续之前，让我们复习一下所有见过的类。

torch.Tensor - A multi-dimensional array with support for autograd operations like backward(). Also holds the gradient w.r.t. the tensor. nn.Module - Neural network module. Convenient way of encapsulating parameters, with helpers for moving them to GPU, exporting, loading, etc. nn.Parameter - A kind of Tensor, that is automatically registered as a parameter when assigned as an attribute to a Module. autograd.Function - Implements forward and backward definitions of an autograd operation. Every Tensor operation, creates at least a single Function node, that connects to functions that created a Tensor and encodes its history.

在此，我们完成了：

1.定义一个神经网络

2.处理输入以及调用反向传播

还剩下：

1.计算损失值

2.更新网络中的权重

损失函数

一个损失函数需要一对输入：模型输出和目标，然后计算一个值来评估输出距离目标有多远。

有一些不同的损失函数在 nn 包中。一个简单的损失函数就是 nn.MSELoss ，这计算了均方误差。

例如：

output = net(input)
target = torch.randn(10)  # a dummy target, for example
target = target.view(1, -1)  # make it the same shape as output
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
loss = criterion(output, target)
print(loss)

输出：

tensor(1.3389, grad_fn=<MseLossBackward>)

现在，如果你跟随损失到反向传播路径，可以使用它的 .grad_fn 属性，你将会看到一个这样的计算图：

input -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d
      -> view -> linear -> relu -> linear -> relu -> linear
      -> MSELoss
      -> loss

所以，当我们调用 loss.backward()，整个图都会微分，而且所有的在图中的requires_grad=True 的张量将会让他们的 grad 张量累计梯度。

为了演示，我们将跟随以下步骤来反向传播。

print(loss.grad_fn)  # MSELoss
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0])  # Linear
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0].next_functions[0][0])  # ReLU

输出：

<MseLossBackward object at 0x7fab77615278>
<AddmmBackward object at 0x7fab77615940>
<AccumulateGrad object at 0x7fab77615940>

反向传播

为了实现反向传播损失，我们所有需要做的事情仅仅是使用 loss.backward()。你需要清空现存的梯度，要不然帝都将会和现存的梯度累计到一起。

现在我们调用 loss.backward() ，然后看一下 con1 的偏置项在反向传播之前和之后的变化。

net.zero_grad()     # zeroes the gradient buffers of all parameters
print(‘conv1.bias.grad before backward’)
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)
loss.backward()
print(‘conv1.bias.grad after backward’)
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)

输出：

conv1.bias.grad before backward
tensor([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
conv1.bias.grad after backward
tensor([-0.0054,  0.0011,  0.0012,  0.0148, -0.0186,  0.0087])

现在我们看到了，如何使用损失函数。

唯一剩下的事情就是更新神经网络的参数。

更新神经网络参数：

最简单的更新规则就是随机梯度下降。

weight = weight - learning_rate * gradient

我们可以使用 python 来实现这个规则：

learningrate = 0.01
for f in net.parameters():
    f.data.sub(f.grad.data * learning_rate)

尽管如此，如果你是用神经网络，你想使用不同的更新规则，类似于 SGD, Nesterov-SGD, Adam, RMSProp, 等。为了让这可行，我们建立了一个小包：torch.optim 实现了所有的方法。使用它非常的简单。

import torch.optim as optim
# create your optimizer
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.01)
# in your training loop:
optimizer.zero_grad()   # zero the gradient buffers
output = net(input)
loss = criterion(output, target)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()    # Does the update

下载 Python 源代码：

neural_networks_tutorial.py

下载 Jupyter 源代码：

neural_networks_tutorial.ipynb