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social system

In sociology, social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. It is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared properties such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features.

The social organization of Egypt was distinguished by a surprising degree of fluidity.

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scribes

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No man’s status was unalterably fixed.

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Even serfs appear to have been capable of rising above their humble conditions.

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In the old kingdom the nobles and priests among all of the Pharaoh’s subjects held the supremacy.

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wrest concessions from the government

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The priests also waxed in power with the growth of magic and superstition.

wax 变大;增强;增加
Discord waxed at an alarming rate.
冲突迅速加剧,令人忧虑。

vessels of alabaster, gold and silver

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monogamous family 一夫一妻制

concubinage 纳妾

The ruler as son of the great sun god was required to marry his sister or some other female of his immediate family lest the divine blood be contaminated.

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… for the reason that the Egyptian stock was genetically sound to begin with.

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Attached to the treasury were a number of public schools equipped for the training of the thousands of scribes whose service were necessary in the keeping of records and accounts and in the administration of government functions.

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an avenue of escape from a life of hopeless drudgery.

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