定语从句之专题二:that引导定语从句。(系统讲解内在原理)
一、本文主要讲定语从句的引导词that的代替和省略
因为引导词对先行词的复指(重复指定),所以,定语从句的引导词有时可以代替或省略。(注意,因为名从和状从没有先行词,所以,名从和状从的引导词不能代替或省略。)。如,
●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.(由于which复指先行词the
school,所以,有时可以代替为that,也可以省略。)
下文中,1/2/3/4讲代替,5/6讲that省略。
下边依次讲解。
1.that本身是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。
前边讲过,关系代词一般是由疑问代词变来的。但是,that并不是疑问代词,为何也能引导定语从句呢?这是因为,that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。
例句(that代替who(m)/which)
●The man you met just now is my old friend.
(填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作宾语时可以省略。)
●The man is walking on the playground is my old friend.
(填who/that。who/that指人。作主语时不能省略。)
●Take the book is lying on the table.
(填which/that。which/that指物。)
●Do you know the things and persons****they are talking about?
(先行词既有人又有物时,用that。因为that可以指人/物,用一个就可以代替。)
2. that/who(m)/which用法比较表,见下表,
下边举例说明。
注:⑤的例句见第四节.六.6。⑥的例句见第五节.一。
3.that 不但可以代替关系代词(who(m)/which),也可以代替关系副词(when/where/why)。
①一般地,关系代词who(m)/which可以被that代替或省略。
例句(关系代词被that代替,或者省略。)
●He is the man (whom/that/∅) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
●The package (which/that/∅) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。
②当先行词为the time/place/reason等明确表示时间/地点/原因的词时,关系副词when/where/why可以被that代替或省略。(这是因为,此时的代替或省略,不会产生歧义。)
例句(关系副词被that代替,或者省略。)
●I’ll never forget the day when/that/∅ we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那天。
●That is the place where/that/∅ we went before.那就是我们以前去过的地方。
●That’s the reason why/that/∅ I took it.那就是我买它的原因。
4.用that代替who(m)/which,可以防止引导词重复。
何谓“重复”?不是单词的重复,而是词头的重复。(that的词头是th-,与who(m)/which的词头是wh-。)
①前句用了“th-”,后句再用“th-”,叫重复;所以,如果前句用了“th-”,后句就不宜用“th-”,而用who(m)/which。②前句用了“wh-”,后句再用“wh-”,也叫重复。所以,如果前句用了“wh-”,后句就不宜用“wh-”,而用that。(一般地,这条规则是软规则,不是硬规则。也就是说,尽量不要重复,但是即使重复了也不算错。)
例句(如果前有疑问词who(m)/which/what等,引导词宜用that。)
●Who is the person that supports your family?
●Which is the bus that you will take?
●They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
例句(如果先行词是that/those时,引导词宜用who(m)/which。)
●People all like those who(常用)/that(不常用) have good manners.
●What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
5.什么情况下可以省略that?
分两类情况,that(连词)引导的名词性从句和that(代词)引导的定语从句。如下表,
助记:中学阶段,认为只有第②种情况(加底纹)可以省略,其余三种情况统统认为不能省略即可。
链接:that(代词)作宾语时,有些情况下不能省略。如,①直接跟在介词后作宾语时不能省略。参看第四节.三.介词+whom/which。②在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。参看第五节。
例句(省略连词that)下列例句中的括号表示可以省略。
●It is a pity (that) you don’t know Russian.(主语从句时省略that)
●I hear (that) he has join the club.(宾语从句时省略that)
●I’m afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.(宾语从句时省略that)
●The reason is (that) you don’t trust her.(表语从句时省略that)
例句(省略代词that)
●The man (who(m)/that) we met yesterday used to be my schoolmaster.(作宾语时省略that)
●The novel (which/that) he reads is borrowed from the library.(省略代词which/that)
●He is no longer the lazy boy (that) he was.他不再是以前那个懒孩子了。(作表语时省略that)
6.which/whom作介词的宾语时,可以代替为that吗?可以省略吗?介词与which/whom,靠得紧则不能换不能省,靠得不紧则能换能省。详细地说,①介词与which/whom在一起时,which/whom既不能替换为that/who也不能省略。②介词与which/whom分开时(介词置于句尾),which/whom既可以替换为that/who也可以省略。
This is the pen with which/(that×)/(∅×)I wrote the letter.
This is the pen which/that/∅I wrote the letter with.
This is the hero of whom/(who×)/(that×)/(∅×) we are proud.
This is the hero whom/who/that/∅we are proud of.
二、分组对比练习
题组25(that/which/who(m)引导定语从句)
第1—3题考查“先行词是指物的不定代词时,如何选择引导词?”,第4—5题考查“引导词在定语从句中作指人表语时,如何选择引导词?”,第6—7考查其它必须用that的情况。
1. I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else’s fault. (2010,全国II) that A. who B. that C. as D. what
句意:我拒绝接受由于别人的过错而导致的对我的责备。
分析:先行词是指物的不定代词时,关系代词用that。sth that。选B。
2. The thought of going back home waskept him happy while he was working abroad.(上海高考题) A. that B. all that C. all what D. which all that。选B。
3. Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position. (2014,陕西) A. that B. which C. as D. what
句意:请把你拥有的关于这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。
分析:先行词是all the information,用that,即,all…that。选A。
4. Her sister has become a lawyer,_ she wanted to be.(2005,湖北)
A.who B. that C. what D. which
分析:①引导词在定语从句中作表语时用which指人。②who(m)不能在定从中作表语。选D。
5. When deeply absorbed in work, __he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.(2012,北京) A. that B. which C. where D. when
分析:引导词在定语从句中作表语时用which指人。选B。
6. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving in an areainteract with one another.(2013.上海) A.that B.where C.who D.what
分析:先行词是the living and nonliving,既有人又有物,用that。选A。
7. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.(2010,福建)(陷阱题) A. that B. where C. which D. whose
分析:先行词被强势指定时,关系代词用that(但是关系副词不在此限)。本题应该用the only… where。选B。
题组26(用where,which,that,the one选择填空)
- Is this the factory you visited last week? Is this factory you visited last week?
2. All we need most is more food. All is most needed is more food.
3. Is this the flat you once lived? Is the flat in you once lived?
Is this flat you once lived in? Is this the only flat you have lived in?
Is it in this flat ____you once lived?
答案:1.which/that,the one。2.that/Ø,that。3.where,which(介词后不用that),which/that,that(先行词是the only…),that(强调句)。题组27(引导词的省略)
- Women drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those don’t.(2006,北京) A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /
句意:每天喝两杯以上的咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更容易患上心脏病。
分析:引导词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略,选C。
2. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves? — Yes, there is one pointwe must insist on.(2006,江西) A. why B. where C. how D. 不填 分析:引导词在定语从句中作宾语时省略,选D。
3.The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office
building.(2009,江西) A. in it B. in C in that D in which
句意:我成长的那间房子已经被拆掉了,取而代之的是一座办公楼。
分析:不选D,因为,从句=引导词+陈述句语序,所以,不论是which还是in which都要放在句首,不能放在句尾,即,The house (which/that) I grew up in (定语从句) has been….。选B。
4. Having checked the doors were closed, and all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(2007,湖南) A.why B.that C.when D.where
句意:这个男孩在核实过所有的门都关了,所有的灯都关了以后,才打开自己的卧室门。分析:此题考查that(连词)引导名词性从句(对比:that(代词)引导定语从句)。关键在于识别并列的宾语从句。check+ (that)从句+that从句。两个宾语从句,前一个可以省略that,后一个不能省略that。选B。
5. Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(2002,上海春)
A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained
句意:这就是他在会议上对他为什么在工作中粗心大意所作的解释吗?分析:he explained the reason→he explained which/that→(which/that) he explained(代词which/that作宾语时可以省略)。选A。
三、课外阅读
■定语从句的引导词的“超级大转盘”。
正是由于省略与代替,所以定语从句的引导词显得灵活多变。
如,她到的那天是星期四。(下边的说法都对,①最正式,⑦最不正式。)
晕了没?!其实,万变不离其宗,不外乎:原来的,代替的,省略的。
■定语从句的引导词的常见错误(多词/少词)。
虽然定语从句的引导词非常灵活,但也不是想怎变就怎变!
■为什么可以省略that呢?
引导词that,不管是作为连词引导名词性从句,还是作为代词引导定语从句,都是作为从句开始的标志。有了这个标志/记号,大家就知道后边跟的是从句,所以一般不能省略。但是,由于that (连词)本身无意义,that (代词)是对先行词的复指,所以,如果不影响识别从句,就可以省略。
(1)引导名词性从句的that(连词),本身没有词义,所以有时可以省略。(注意,由于没有词义,而可以省略的情况,只有that(连词)。)
那么,何时可以省略何时不能省略呢?在名词性从句中,that本身无词义,that只是个记号,用这个记号来识别从句。名词性从句的that,就像学生的学生证,门房大爷如果认得你,则不用检查证件;如果不认得你,则要检查证件。同理,如果省略that后,那个句子仍然只可能被看作从句,则可以省略;如果省略that后,那个句子可能会被误认为主句,则不能省略。(that引导宾语从句时,所有的能省略或不能省略的情况,都可以照此解释。)
例句(that(连词)在名词性从句中的省略)
●That you’re leaving is a pity.(that引导句首的主语从句时,不能省略。为什么呢?如果省略that,则听者会以为you’re leaving是主句,所以不能省略that)
●It’s a pity (that) you’re leaving.(that引导后置了的主语从句时,可以省略。为什么呢?前边的主谓结构(It’s a pity)是主句,后边再出现主谓结构(you’re leaving)自然是从句,所以可以省略that。)
●Do you know (that) he has joined the army?(that引导宾语从句时,可以省略。为什么呢?主谓结构(you know)是主句,再出现主谓结构(he has joined)只能是从句,所以,that有没有都可以。)
●I believe (that可以省) it will clear up soon and that (不能省) they will come to see us.(多个并列的that宾语从句,只有第一个可以省略,其它的都不能省略。为什么呢?由于I believe是主句,再出现主谓结构(it will clear)自然是从句,因此,第一个that可以省略。但是,如果把and后的that省略掉,则听者就不知道they will与it will clear并列呢还是与I believe并列呢?这就引起混乱,所以,they will前的that不能省略。)
(2)引导定语从句的that(代词),对先行词重复指定,所以有时可以省略。(注意,由于复指,而可以省略的情况,除了that (代词)之外,还有who(m)/which。)
那么,何时可以省略何时不能省略呢?一般地,一个句子(或从句),必须有主语和谓语。that作主语时不能省略,是因为省略后,不是句子了(Ø+谓语)。that作宾语或表语时可以省略,是因为省略后,仍然是句子(主语+谓语(或系动词))。
例句(that(代词)在定语从句中的省略)
●They are the boys whom I got to know at school.(在限制性定语从句中,代词作宾语时,可以省略。为什么呢?前边有主谓结构(they are…),再出现的主谓结构(I got…)只可能是从句,所以,有没有that都可以。)
●Yesterday I met Jack, whom his parents were looking for at that time.(在非限制性定语从句中,代词作宾语时,不能省略。为什么呢?若省略了that,这个句子可能被误认为主句或并列句。)
●There is something (that) keeps worrying me.(主句是there be时,that作主语时可以省略。为什么呢?there be句型具有特殊性:主语在be之后。此时sth是前后两句的共同主语,加之,there be的意义很弱,更使得这种共用显得很合理。)